Yampa River near Deer Lodge Park. Photo credit: Allen Best/Big Pivots
Click the link to read the article on the Big Pivots website (Allen Best):
July 8, 2024
Tri-State agreement includes provision for water rights valued by Moffat County at $2-3 million
The settlement agreement supported by 16 intervening parties that was submitted to the Colorado Public Utilities Commission has a major provision about water rights.
This is apart from the Colorado legislation passed in the 2023 session that allows Xcel Energy and Tri-State Generation and Transmission the ability to retain the water rights they are now using to produce steam at their coal plants near Hayden and Craig to generate electricity. The utilities will be able to retain their direct-flow rights until 2050 while they figure out whether those water rights will be needed in the future.
The settlement agreement is for augmentation water that Tri-State owns. It is held in Elkhead Reservoir near Hayden. The Colorado River Water Conservation District also holds augmentation water in that reservoir.
Why does augmentation water matter? Because, beginning in 2002, the Yampa River became a river that didnโt always have enough water for everybody than wanted it. In 2018, a drought year, a โcallโ was put on the river for the first time. And in 2022, the Yampa formally became an administrated river.
That means that if somebody wanted to drill a well in the Yampa River drainage for a new home on a plot of land of 35 acres or less, they needed to come to the table with water that could replenish the river, i.e. augmentation water. This is for all wells after the state designation of March 1, 2022.
To meet the need for augmentation water, Moffat County has been leasing water from the River District. The amount is determined by the amount needed on a per-acre-foot basis.
Jeff Comstock, who directs Moffat Countyโs Department of Natural Resources, said the precise amount of water that Moffat County will be getting from Tri-State will depend upon a determination in water court. The water given to Moffat County by Tri-State can be used into perpetuity.
Moffat County estimates the value of the augmentation water right that is to be transferred at $1 million to $3 million.
Click the link to read the article on the Big Pivots website (Allen Best):
July 17, 2024
June was indeed the third warmest ever in Colorado
Russ Schumacher, the Colorado state climatologist, reports that June was indeed warm across Colorado. It came in third warmest when averaged across the state as compared to the historical record of the last 150 years.
Only Junes of 2022 and 2012 โ and those were years of major wildfires across Colorado. The difference between this June and those was that this yearโs June was rainy in the mountains and across the Western Slope, โThat is a very unusual combination in summer.โ See more here.
OAA scientist Chris Cox checks an Atmospheric Surface Flux Station, designed and built by PSL and CIRES to collect data that measures all aspects of the exchange of energy between land and atmosphere. By analyzing these measurements, researchers can gain insight into both local and regional weather and climate systems. This unit is sitting on top of two stacked picnic tables buried under the snow. Credit: Janet Intrieri, NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory
As delegates arrived at the Republican National Convention in Milwaukee earlier this week to officially nominate former president Donald Trump as their 2024 candidate, a right-wing policy think tank held an all-day event nearby. The Heritage Foundation, a key sponsor of the convention and a group that has been influencing Republican presidential policy since the 1980s, gathered its supporters to tout Project 2025, a 900-plus-page policy blueprint that seeks to fundamentally restructure the federal government.
Dozens of conservative groups contributed to Project 2025, which recommends changes that would touch every aspect of American life and transform federal agencies โ from the Department of Defense to the Department of Interior to the Federal Reserve. Although it has largely garnered attention for its proposed crackdowns on human rights and individual liberties, the blueprint would also undermine the countryโs extensive network of environmental and climate policies and alter the future of American fossil fuel production, climate action, and environmental justice.
Under President Joe Bidenโs direction, the majority of the federal governmentโs vast system of departments, agencies, and commissions haveย belatedly undertaken the arduous task of incorporating climate changeย into their operations and procedures. Two summers ago, Biden also signed theย Inflation Reduction Act, the biggest climate spending law in U.S. history with the potential to help drive greenhouse gas emissions down 42 percent below 2005 levels.ย
Project 2025 seeks to undo much of that progress by slashing funding for government programs across the board, weakening federal oversight and policymaking capabilities, rolling back legislation passed during Bidenโs first term, and eliminating career personnel. The policy changes it suggests โ which include executive orders that Trump could implement single-handedly, regulatory changes by federal agencies, and legislation that would require congressional approval โ would make it extremely difficult for the United States to fulfill the climate goals it hasย committed to under the 2015 Paris Agreement.ย
Itโs real bad,โ said David Willett, senior vice president of communications for the environmental advocacy group the League of Environmental Voters. โThis is a real plan, by people who have been in the government, for how to systematically take over, take away rights and freedoms, and dismantle the government in service of private industry.โ
However, at leastย 140 people who worked in the Trump administrationย contributed to Project 2025, and policy experts and environmental advocates fear Project 2025 will play an influential role in shaping GOP policy if Trump is reelected in November. Some of the blueprintโs recommendations areย echoedย in the Republican National Conventionโsย official party platform, and Heritage Foundation president Kevin Roberts says he is โgood friendsโ with Trumpโs new running mate, Senator J.D. Vance of Ohio. Previous Heritage Foundation roadmaps haveย successfully dictated presidential agendas; 64 percent of the policy recommendations the foundation put out in 2016 had been implemented or considered under Trump one year into his term. The Heritage Foundation declined to provide a comment for this story.ย ย
Broadly speaking, Project 2025 proposals aim to scale down the federal government and empower states. The document calls for โunleashing all of Americaโs energy resourcesโ by eliminating federal restrictions on fossil fuel drilling on public lands, curtailing federal investments in renewable energy technologies, and easing environmental permitting restrictions and procedures for new fossil fuel projects such as power plants. โWhatโs been designed here is a project that ensures a fossil fuel agenda, both in the literal and figurative sense,โ said Craig Segall, the vice president of the climate-oriented political advocacy group Evergreen Action.ย
Within the Department of Energy, offices dedicated to clean energy research and implementation would be eliminated, and energy efficiency guidelines and requirements for household appliances would be scrapped. The environmental oversight capacities of the Department of the Interior and the Environmental Protection Agency would be curbed significantly or eliminated altogether, preventing these agencies from trackingย methaneย emissions, managing environmental pollutants and chemicals, and conducting climate change research.ย
In addition to these major overhauls, Project 2025 advocates for getting rid of smaller and lesser-known federal programs and statutes that safeguard public health and environmental justice. It recommends eliminating the Endangerment Finding โ the legal mechanism that requires the EPA to curb emissions and air pollutants from vehicles and power plants, among other industries, under the Clean Air Act. It also recommends axing government efforts to assess the social cost of carbon, or the damage each additional ton of carbon emitted causes. And it seeks to prevent agencies from assessing the โco-benefits,โ or the knock-on positive health impacts, of their policies, such as better air quality.
โWhen you think about who is going to be hit the hardest by pollution, whether itโs conventional air water and soil pollution or climate change, it is very often low-income communities and communities of color,โ said Rachel Cleetus, the policy director with the climate and energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, a nonprofit science advocacy organization. โThe undercutting of these kinds of protections is going to have a disproportionate impact on these very same communities.โ
Other proposals would wreak havoc on the nationโs ability to prepare for and respond to climate disasters. Project 2025 suggests eliminating the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Weather Service housed therein and replacing those organizations with private companies. The blueprint appears to leave the National Hurricane Center intact, saying the data it collects should be โpresented neutrally, without adjustments intended to support any one side in the climate debate.โ But the National Hurricane Center pulls much of its data from the National Weather Service, as do most other private weather service companies, and eliminating public weather data couldย devastate Americansโ access to accurate weather forecasts. โItโs preposterous,โ said Rob Moore, a policy analyst for the Natural Resources Defense Councilโs Action Fund. โThereโs no problem thatโs getting addressed with this solution, this is a solution in search of some problem.โ
The document also advocates moving the Federal Emergency Management Administration, which marshals federal disaster response, out from under the umbrella of the Department of Homeland Security, where it has been housed for more than 20 years, and into the Department of the Interior or the Department of Transportation. โAll of the agencies within the Department of Interior are federal land management agencies that own lots of land and manage those resources on behalf of the federal government,โ Moore said. โWhy would you put FEMA there? I canโt even fathom why that is a starting point.โ
The blueprint recommends eliminating the National Flood Insurance Program and moving flood insurance to private insurers. That notion skates right over the fact that the federal program was initially established because private insurers found that it was economically unfeasible to insure the nationโs flood-prone homes โ long before climate change began wreaking havoc on the insurance market.
Despite the alarming implications of most of Project 2025โs climate-related proposals, it also recommends a small number of policies that climate experts said are worth considering. Its authors call for shifting the costs of natural disasters from the federal government to states. Thatโs not a bad conversation to have, Moore pointed out. โI think thereโs people within FEMA who feel the same way,โ he said. The federal government currentlyย shoulders at least 75 percent of the costs of national disaster recovery, paving the way for development and rebuilding in risky areas. โYou are disincentivizing states and local governments from making wise decisions about where and house to build because they know the federal government is going to pick up the tab for whatever mistake they make,โ Moore said.ย ย
Quillan Robinson, a senior advisor with ConservAmerica who has worked with Republicans in Washington, D.C., on crafting emissions policies, was heartened by the authorsโ call for an end to what they termed โunfair bias against the nuclear industry.โ Nuclear energy is a reliable source of carbon-free energy, but it has been plagued by security and public health concerns, as well as staunch opposition from some environmental activists. โWe know itโs a crucial technology for decarbonization,โ Robinson said, noting that thereโs growing bipartisan interest in the energy source among lawmakers in Congress.
An analysis conducted by the United Kingdom-based Carbon Brief found that a Trump presidency would lead to 400 billion metric tons of additional emissions in the U.S. by 2030 โ the emissions output of the European Union and Japan combined.
Above all else, Segall, from Evergreen Action, is worried about the effect Project 2025 would have on the personnel who make up the federal government. Much of the way the administrative state works is safeguarded in the minds of career staff who pass their knowledge on to the next cadre of federal workers. When this institutional knowledge is curbed, as it was by budget cuts and hostile management during Trumpโs first term, the government loses crucial information that helps it run. The personnel โscatter,โ he said, disrupts bottom-line operations and grinds the government to a halt.
Although Project 2025โs proposals are radical, Segall said that its effect on public servants would echo a pattern that has been playing out for decades. โThis is a common theme in Republican administrations dating back to presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan,โ he said. โWhat you do is you break the government, make it very hard for the government to function, and then you loudly announce that the government canโt do anything.โ
Four states in the drought-stricken Colorado River Basin, including Colorado, want credit for conserving water, but water users and officials have big questions about how to make it happen.
Last year, taxpayers paid farmers and ranchers $16 million to cut their water use in the Colorado River Basin, but the water saved on one farm simply reentered streams, where it could be used by anyone downstream. For years, officials in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming have been considering ways to get credit for that conserved water โ to track it, store it in a reservoir, and save it to help the states in the future. Representatives from the four states voted in June to develop a proposal exploring the idea by mid-August.
But building a long-term program to track and store conserved water raises questions about equity, funding, economic impacts and whether the idea is feasible at all.
People are concerned about the bigger picture, said Andy Mueller, general manager of the Colorado River District in Colorado.
โIf weโre going to conserve water up here, and if the federal government is going to pay for that conservation with taxpayer dollars, it seems to us that storing it and using it for important public purposes makes sense, rather than sending it downstream to just encourage continued consumption of water [by downstream states],โ Mueller said.
Cutting back on water use is a big topic of conversation in the Colorado River Basin, which supplies water to 40 million people and is enduring warmer temperatures and a two-decade megadrought.
Officials from each of the seven states in the basin are weighing who might have to cut their use and how to manage the basinโs reservoirs in high-stakes negotiations over the riverโs future after the current rules expire in 2026.
The Upper Basinโs alternative, summed up. Source: Upper Colorado River Commission.
The Upper Basin released a proposal in March that outlined its plan to manage the river after 2026 as part of these negotiations. That proposal includes a commitment to pursue voluntary, temporary and compensated conservation programs.
The June vote of the Upper Colorado River Commission aimed to take that commitment one step forward. The state and federal representatives on the commission want to design a conservation-for-credit program in advance so itโs set up and ready to go if needed.
The commissionโs plan could help inform the statesโ negotiations, said Amy Ostdiek, who is part of Coloradoโs negotiating team and works on interstate water issues for the stateโs top water policy agency, the Colorado Water Conservation Board.
โWeโve heard this from water users a lot. โฆ If weโre going to continue doing conservation-type activities, can we explore ways to quote-unquote get credit for it?โ Ostdiek said. โItโs worth exploring. โฆ Thereโs a lot weโd need to work out before we get there.โ
Grays and Torreys, Dillon Reservoir May 2017. Photo credit Greg Hobbs.
Big questions from water users
Officials and water users have been kicking around the idea of tracking and storing conserved water for credit for years, and the commissionโs August proposal will be the latest iteration of those discussions.
One heavily debated program, called demand management, offered a path toward storing conserved water in a reservoir to help Upper Basin states. But Colorado hit pause on analyzing the idea in 2022 as other Upper Basin states slogged through intense feasibility studies.
Taxpayers paid $16 million in 2023 to conserve water through another program, the System Conservation Pilot Program. Because the program does not track conserved water, there is no certainty where it ends up.
โIt inherently just flows downstream and continues to be used by the Lower Basin,โ Mueller said. โIt really doesnโt do anything other than feed the continued use of the water, rather than encourage conservation of the water.โ
The commissionโs proposal will try to answer key questions for a program that tracks and stores conserved water, said Chuck Cullom, executive director of the Upper Colorado River Commission. But how will water managers track the actual water down streams, through reservoirs and across state lines? What is a โconservation creditโ and how can it be earned? What role would location play?
Mueller of the Colorado River District said the location of the projects ties into big potential equity issues.
Most of Coloradoโs participants in the system conservation pilot program so far have been farmers and ranchers on the Western Slope, he said. They helped conserve water by fallowing fields and switching to crops that used less water. But if a farmer stops production, or fallows acres of land to conserve water, it can cut jobs on the farm and spending in the community.
A paid conservation program has to be designed to incentivize participation from all regions of Colorado where Colorado River is used, which includes Front Range cities from Fort Collins down to Colorado Springs and beyond, Mueller said.
Joe Bernal, a rancher in Loma who is participating in the System Conservation Pilot Program, said his concern was how a conservation-for-credit program would be administered.
โWould they work with ditch companies, or would they go with individuals? How much would they offer?โ he said. โWould they โฆ help ditch companies and communities protect the viability of agriculture?โ
Other water users want to know which reservoirs would store conserved water for credit.
Storing conserved water closer to a riverโs source โ in high-elevation Upper Basin reservoirs rather than farther downstream โ would give the four states more say in when, how much and from where water is released.
Plus, local water users want to conserve water in good years and save it in a nearby reservoir to provide a cushion during the next dry year, said Ken Curtis, general manager of the Dolores Water Conservancy District.
Mcphee Reservoir
Farmers and ranchers in his district are already doing just that: This year, they volunteered to be paid to save water through the system conservation program, and theyโre storing it in the nearby McPhee Reservoir to boost carryover water supplies for next year, Curtis said.
The commissionโs proposal also aims to define the requirements conservation projects would have to meet to qualify and how years of past water use would come into play.
How to factor in past water use is important to two tribes in Colorado, the Ute Mountain Ute and Southern Ute Indian tribes, said Peter Ortego, general counsel for the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe.
Both tribes have water in a southwestern reservoir that they plan to put to use in the future, but havenโt used yet. Their water does not qualify for use in current paid conservation programs, which raises the question of whether it could qualify for a newer, reimagined conservation-for-credit program, Ortego said.
A program to help the Upper Basin
As officials try to tackle big questions, one thing is clear: Upper Basin water watchers do not want to conserve water if it will just flow downstream to support current use in the Lower Basin.
Congress is currently considering a bill to extend the system conservation pilot program, which does not track where conserved water goes. Meanwhile, officials are dusting off years of analyses about the demand management program, which expires in 2026.
The demand management program created an โaccountโ for up to 500,000 acre-feet of conserved water in Lake Powell. One acre-foot roughly equals the annual use of two to three households.
Itโs been frustrating to know the demand management account exists in Lake Powell and to see water being conserved through the system conservation pilot program, or SCPP, that just flows through the reservoir, said James Eklund, a former Colorado water official who helped forge the program and owns a ranch in the pilot program.
โAll it needed was to be tagged as DM (demand management) water instead of SCPP water โ and it would be water weโd have in our account as Upper Basin states. And weโd be able to point to that water in negotiations,โ Eklund said.
But that program is very prescriptive, Ostdiek said.
The account could be used for one purpose: fulfilling the Upper Basinโs interstate water sharing obligations outlined in the 1922 Colorado River Compact, even if river conditions worsen drastically and trigger mandatory cuts in the Upper Basin. The shorthand for this worst-case scenario is a โcompact callโ or โcompact compliance.โ
The commissionโs upcoming proposal could explore more general uses for credits, including or beyond compact compliance, Ostdiek said.
โI think we need to do some more exploring on what the concept of credit actually means to individual states,โ she said, โand think about what the goals would be of that type of approach.โ
Itโs Friday, itโs hot, the world seems to be collapsing in multiple ways, so I thought Iโd bring you a bit of good news for a change: Coalโs big breakdown is back. Okay, so itโs not great news for coal-company CEOs, or for the industry workers who will lose their jobs. But for the planet and all the folks who have had to live with coal mining and coal burning and all of its deleterious effects, itโs got to be a relief.
In his excellent book, Fire on the Plateau, the late, great scholar Charles Wilkinson coined the term โBig Buildupโ to describe the flurry of postwar development of coal plants (and dams, uranium mining, oil and gas, etc.) on the Colorado Plateau. The Big Breakdown refers to the decline of the coal industry in the West, as big coal plants are mothballed and the mines shut down and, hopefully, reclaimed, and the air cleans itself up as a result.
The Breakdown began back in 2008, during the global financial crisis, when power consumption plummeted. The economy recovered. Coal did not โ it had become more expensive than other energy alternatives and is dirtier, besides, so utilities rushed to rid themselves of the old smoke-spewing behemoths. But then, in the wake of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, coal bounced back, sparking a bit of panic among clean air lovers everywhere. And lawmakers in Utah, Wyoming, and other fossil-fuel-fetishizing states rushed to pass laws to interfere in the free market and prop up the dying industry.
Alas, it isnโt working, as todayโs chart โ showing both electricity consumption and coal consumption โ reveals. Iโve run this chart here before, but I wanted to update yโall because I really like it. Not only does it show how the grid is getting cleaner, but also provides a nice graphic look at U.S. energy history over the last 75 years.
Credit: Jonathan P. Thompson/The Land Desk
A. Coal was the king of the Industrial Age, of course, providing power to run mines and mills and factories and trains, while also heating homes. But by the 1950s the industry was struggling somewhat, as diesel locomotives supplanted the steam ones, natural gas gained ground for heating and cooking, and huge hydroelectric dams blocked rivers across the West to generate power. As of 1955, only 10% of the Western Gridโs power was generated from coal; nearly all the rest was from hydropower.
B. Congress established the Office of Coal Research in 1960 โto encourage and stimulate the production โฆ of coal (and to) maximize the contribution of coal to the overall energy market.โ
C. The Big Buildup began in the 1960s with the construction of Four Corners Power Plant on the Navajo Nation in northwestern New Mexico. The construction and operation of the plant and adjacent mine wereย rife with environmental injustice.
D. The Clean Air Act passed in 1970. You might think that would be the death knell for coal, pretty much the dirtiest fuel out there. But no, it did little to slow coal-burning and it actually boosted relatively low-sulfur coal from Western mines which emits less sulfur dioxide when burned.
E. In 1973 OPEC stopped sending oil and natural gas to the U.S. and its allies to retaliate for U.S. support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War. Further unrest in the Middle East continued to drive up oil and natural gas prices, motivating utilities to burn more coal to generate power.
F. President Jimmy Carter took office during these crises in 1977, the same year Atlantic Richfield Company opened its Black Thunder Mine in the Powder River Basin, which would go on to become the worldโs largest coal mine. Carter was a walking contradiction, boosting solar and other clean energy and public lands protections on the one hand, and going all in on coal mining and burning on the other.ย He pushed domestic coalย to displace oil or natural gas (much of which was imported) then used to generate power. Carter also hoped to make synthetic transportation fuels from coal and oil shale and he and Congress put billions toward synfuel subsidies.
G. In 1978 Congress passed the Industrial Fuels Power Act, which basically banned the construction of any new natural gas power plants (another reaction to the energy crises). Coal was the big winner of that one.
H. Carter was also a big pusher of conservation, in rhetoric and policy, and high energy prices bolstered his cause. Electricity consumption flattened and even dropped in the 1980s for the first time in three decades. Yet coal use shot up tremendously at the same time. Under Reagan, electricity use climbed again, but coal consumption dropped. Why? Because OPEC decided to flood the market with oil, lowering oil and gas prices to make them the cheapest fossil fuels for generating electricity.
I. Congress amends the Clean Air Act to tackle the acid rain problem, especially in the East and Midwest. Instead of hurting the coal industry, however, it again gave an even bigger boost to the Western mines. The Powder River Basin solidified its status as the nationโs coal bin.
J. Peak Coal occurred in 2007. There is virtually no chance U.S. mines will ever produce or plants burn as much coal as they did that year.
K. Electricity use plummeted during the 2008 Financial Crisis and coal use dropped with it. As the economy recovered, something strange happened: Electricity use stayed fairly flat, thanks to efficiency and other measures. Coal burning started to recover, but โฆ
L. In 2009 natural gas prices crashed after the combination of horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing opened up vast stores of methane previously believed to be unrecoverable. That glutted the market with gas, making it cost-competitive with coal. Meanwhile, Democrats and even some national environmental groups were pushing natural gas as a โbridge fuelโ to get from dirty coal to renewables. At the same time, oodles of solar and wind generating capacity were being brought online, in part thanks to federal incentives. All of this combined to knock King Coal off its throne. Itโs been in freefall (with a blip or two) ever since due mostly to fluctuations in natural gas prices.
M. The first wave of the pandemic and measures taken to slow its spread helped Americans reduce their electricity use considerably. Because coal was one of the most expensive sources of power on the grid, utilities ditched it first, so the dirty fuel took an even bigger blow. Coal plant retirement plans accelerated and it seemed as if coal could be in its final throes.
N. But then the economy recovered along with power use. At the same time, extreme heat drove up demand for more power, hydropower waned, and utilities needed to fill the gap between supply and demand. They turned first to natural gas, which caused prices of that fuel to increase, andย then to coal. Thus the Big Breakdownโs dramatic pause in 2021.
But the Big Breakdown is back on. In 2023, coal use plummeted once again. And judging by the first quarter of 2024, there will be even less use this year, even as power demand creeps higher.
“Power Madness” in America, the Big Buildup of coal, and a Senate hearing from five decades ago — JONATHAN P. THOMPSON OCTOBER 1, 2020
Thereโs a lot of big fires burning out there, with dozens of new starts daily across the West. The McDonald Fire in Alaska was first noticed on July 9; itโs now up to about 150,000 acres. The Cow Valley Fire in Malheur County, Oregon, has grown to 20,000 acres; it was ignited just yesterday. The Silver King Fire in Utahโs Tushar Mountains has charred through about 14,000 acres and forced the cancellation of a major gravel bike race there. Thereโs also the Babylon Fire south of Dark Canyon within the boundaries of Bears Ears National Monument. Itโs grown to about 200 acres in a remote location that, frankly, could use a little bit of therapeutic burning (thanks to our favorite fire lookout readers for tipping us off to it.) Be careful out there, folks!
๐ธย Parting Shotย ๐๏ธ
A datura flower in southern Utah: shy by day; flirtatious and lascivious by night. Jonathan P. Thompson photo.
How did we do in the continuing effort to recover reservoir storage? How much reservoir storage accumulated from this yearโs snowpack, and how does that accumulation compare to other years?
In Summary:
Total basin-wide reservoir storage is an appropriate metric to describe the status of the regional water supply and its year-to-year changes. Reclamation provides data on the storage contents of 46 reservoirs in the basin that are primarily managed by the Bureau of Reclamation but also by municipal water agencies and water conservancy districts. Whether destined for within-basin use or for trans-basin diversion, the total amount of water in these reservoirs is the carryover storage available to sustain use during dry times.
Accumulation of storage in those reservoirs occurred between mid-April and early July 2024, and basin-wide storage increased by 2.5 million acre feet. This amount is only 30% of the increase in storage that occurred during the same period in 2023. Nevertheless, basin-wide reservoir storage increased by 300,000 af when the summer peak of 2024 is compared with the summer peak of 2023, because consumptive uses and losses in the intervening time between the two runoff years was only 2.2 million acre feet. Despite the modest runoff of 2024, water managers were able to increase reservoir storage, because they had done such a good job of limiting consumptive uses following the 2023 runoff season.
Today, 62% of the total basin-wide storage is in Lake Mead and Lake Powell. The combined contents of these two largest reservoirs in the United States peaked on 8 July at 18.5 million af. Most of 2024โs snowmelt runoff was stored in Lake Powell, and storage in Lake Mead declined during spring and early summer 2024. Now that the runoff season has ended, some of the contents of Lake Powell will be gradually transferred to Lake Mead.
The Details:
On 6 July, storage in the Colorado River basin peaked for the year at 30.0 million acre feet (af), approximately 50% of capacity of the reservoir system1 (Fig. 1). The combined contents of Lake Mead and Lake Powell peaked on 8 July at 18.5 million af, approximately 37% of the capacity of those two reservoirs. The last time total basin reservoir storage was as much as this was in early January 2021, and the combined storage of Lake Mead and Lake Powell had last been at its present volume in very late April 2021. Thus, reservoir storage has not yet recovered to the average conditions between 2005 and 2020.
Figure 1. Graph showing reservoir storage in the Colorado River watershed between 1 January 1999 and 15 July 2024. Credit: Jack Schmidt/Center for Colorado River Studies
The season of water accumulation, when inflow to reservoirs exceeds outflow, that began in mid-April has now ended. How did we do in the continuing effort to recover reservoir storage? How much reservoir storage accumulated from this yearโs snowpack, and how does that accumulation compare to other years?
The snowpack of the Upper Basin peaked on 3 April at 16.8 in of snow water equivalent (SWE)2. For comparison, the median peak SWE for the past 30 years, as computed by the Natural Resource Conservation Service, was 16.0 in., so 2024 was a pretty good year. Nevertheless, 2024 was not nearly as good a year as 2023 when the peak SWE was 23.9 in. Preliminary estimates of natural flow at Lees Ferry for Water Year 2024 are that this yearโs natural flow3 will be 12.1 million af, although that estimate may change slightly by the end of the water year.
The relation between peak estimated SWE in the Upper Basin and natural flow at Lees Ferry has a reasonably good correlation for data from 2000 and the years of the 21st century (Fig. 2). There is year-to-year variation in this relation caused by springtime weather that affects the rate of melting and the amount of sublimation. Variation is also caused by the intensity of the summer North American monsoon that augments the natural flow but is unrelated to snowmelt. Estimated natural runoff in 2024 was well predicted by the general relation.
Figure 2. Graph showing the relation between peak annual snow water equivalent for the Upper Colorado River basin and natural flow at Lees Ferry, estimated by Reclamation. The solid line is an exponential relation fit to these data.4 Credit: Jack Schmidt/Center for Colorado River Studies
The amount of water added to reservoir storage is very well predicted by the natural flow at Lees Ferry (Fig. 3), and this relation shows that much more of the natural runoff is captured by reservoirs in wet years than in dry years. In 2024, approximately 20% of the estimated natural flow was stored, consistent with comparable years (2010, 2014, 2015, and 2016) (Fig. 3). A higher proportion of the natural runoff was stored in the wet years of 2005, 2011, 2019, and 2023, when more than 40% of the natural runoff was captured in reservoirs. More than 30% of the natural runoff was stored in 2008, 2009, and 2017.
Figure 3. Graph showing increase in basin-wide reservoir storage as a function of natural flow at Lees Ferry. The solid line is linear relation fit to these data 5. Credit: Jack Schmidt/Center for Colorado River Studies
The combined contents of Lake Mead and Lake Powell peaked on 8 July, but storage in each reservoir followed very different trajectories (Fig. 4). Lake Powell, which is upstream from Lake Mead, captured the inflowing snowmelt runoff and increased in storage by 2.2 million af between mid-April and early July while Lake Mead lost approximately 900,000 af.ย Now that the inflow season has ended, storage will gradually decline in Lake Powell and increase in Lake Mead.
Figure 4. Graph showing the distribution of reservoir storage in different parts of the Colorado River basin between 1 January 2021 and 15 July 2024. Credit: Jack Schmidt/Center for Colorado River Studies
The storage gains resulting from the 2024 runoff compensated for the consumption of reservoir storage that had occurred after the 2023 runoff season (Fig. 5). This yearโs peak of 30.0 million af is slightly more than the peak storage in summer 2023 that was 29.7 million af. This small increase in storage occurred despite a modest 2024 runoff season, because the basinโs water managers had done a good job in conserving the gains of last year (see blog post of 21 May 2024). Only 2.2 million af was consumed or lost following the 2023 runoff season, and the gain of 2.5 million af in 2024 exceeded the preceding loss. Thus, basin-wide storage is ever so slightly better than last year, because we used so little water last year. We now begin a 9-month period when the job in front of us is to continue to reduce consumptive uses and losses until the onset of the 2025 snowmelt season.ย Letโs not lose focus. Weโre all in this together.
Figure 5. Graph showing changes in reservoir storage between 1 January 2023 and 15 July 2024. Credit: Jack Schmidt/Center for Colorado River Studies
ย 1.ย These data are for 46 reservoirs whose daily storage contents are reported by Reclamation at:ย https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/hydrodata/reservoir_data/site_map.html. The data summarized here are through 15 July. 2.ย Natural Resources Conservation Service. Snow water equivalent data accessed at:ย https://nwcc-apps.sc.egov.usda.gov/awdb/basin-plots/POR/WTEQ/assocHUC2/14_Upper_Colorado_Region.html. 3.ย Bureau of Reclamation. Natural flow data accessed at:ย https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/NaturalFlow/provisional.html. Lees Ferry data were released on 22 April and are provisional and based on the April 24-month study. This estimate will be revised in August. 4.ย This relation is y = 4,048,600 * e(0.06632 x)ย , whereย yย is the annual natural flow at Lees Ferry for the water year, in acre feet, andย xย is the peak snow water equivalent of the year, in inches. The R2ย of this relation is 0.73. 5.ย This relation is y = -6,484,000 + 0.75833 Xย , whereย Xย is the annual natural flow at Lees Ferry for the water year, in acre feet, andย yย is the increase in basin-wide reservoir storage that occurred during the snowmelt season typically between mid-April and mid-July . The R2ย of this relation is 0.92. Data used to calculate this relation do not include 2002 and 2012 when basin-wide storage decreased during the snowmelt season.
In 1922, Federal and State representatives met for the Colorado River Compact Commission in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Among the attendees were Arthur P. Davis, Director of Reclamation Service, and Herbert Hoover, who at the time, was the Secretary of Commerce. Photo taken November 24, 1922. USBR photo.
This story is part of ongoing coverage of the Colorado River, produced by KUNC in Colorado and KNAU in Arizona. It is supported by the Walton Family Foundation.
The future of the Colorado River hangs in the balance. The states that will decide its future are stuck at an impasse. They canโt agree on a plan to divvy up the shrinking water supply.
At the heart of that disagreement are three words written over 100 years ago.
Itโs all rooted in a document called the Colorado River Compact. None of its authors are alive today, but the words they wrote in 1922 are still shaping life for millions today.
โThe content of this particular document, the Colorado River Compact, is the foundation of the law that is governing the Colorado River at this point,โ said Patty Rettig, who manages the water archive at Colorado State Universityโs library.
Her archive includes the writings of Delph Carpenter, one of the eight men who penned the original document. Sitting at a library table, Rettig carefully flips through the pages of his notes โ thin, carbon-paper drafts marked up with pencil โ looking for clues from history about how we arrived at the water policy fights of the 21st century.
Patty Rettig retrieves a file in the Water Resources Archive at Colorado State University on June 25, 2024. Papers from the collection of Delph Carpenter, one of the Colorado River Compact’s signers, show how its architects chose their words carefully. Photo credit: Alex Hager/KUNC
โI know they were thinking about the future,โ she said. โWe have evidence they were thinking about the future, but I don’t think they were thinking 100 years into the future.โ
Taking a closer look at those three words โ why they were chosen a century ago and how theyโre being interpreted today โ tells us a lot about the big, complicated problems facing the Southwestโs most important water supply.
Where are we now?
The Colorado River supplies 40 million people across seven Western states and parts of Mexico. Rules about sharing water are decided by representatives of those seven states. Mostly appointed by governors, they meet, usually behind closed doors, to decide who should get how much.
Right now, the clock is ticking for them to agree on new guidelines for water sharing since the current set of rules expires in 2026. Meanwhile, more than two decades of dry conditions have only increased pressure for the entire region to cut back on demand. The Colorado River has been in the grips of a megadrought, fueled by climate change, and demand has remained mostly steady.
As a result, the regionโs reservoirs have plummeted to record lows, and big changes are needed for a sustainable future.
In March, the states split into two camps and published their ideas for managing the river after 2026. Those two groups were divided along familiar lines. The Upper Basin states of Colorado, Utah, Wyoming and New Mexico found themselves pitted against the Lower Basin: California, Arizona and Nevada.
Those two camps have been at odds since the earliest days of Southwestern water management, and 2024 is no exception.
The Upper Basinโs alternative, summed up. Source: Upper Colorado River Commission.
What do they disagree about?
The two proposals for managing water lay out a major philosophical difference between the Upper and Lower basins. They disagree about who should take responsibility for the gap between supply and demand.
The Upper Basin is legally required to let a certain amount of water flow to its downstream neighbors each year. After more than 100 years of complying with that standard, Upper Basin states want the ability to allow less water to flow, and their proposal puts that idea into writing.
About 85% of the Colorado Riverย starts as snowย in the Upper Basinโs mountains. Climate change, the catalyst for the regionโs water shortages, isย shrinkingย theย amount of snowย that falls in those mountains each year.
Metro Denver, left, gets half its water from the Upper Colorado River Basin, with river headwaters northwest of Longs Peak and Mount Meeker in Rocky Mountain National Park. Dillon Reservoir, off Interstate 70 in Summit County, top right, is owned by Denver Water and holds water for Metro Denver; reservoir water is transported under the Continental Divide to reach the city. Blue Mesa Reservoir, near Gunnison, Colorado, bottom right, is a key water storage facility in the Colorado River Basin and has reached dramatic lows because of drought. Credit: Colorado State University
Because of that, the Upper Basin states argue, they feel the sting of climate change more sharply than the Lower Basin. Cities and farms within its four states have to adjust their water use in accordance with recent snowfall, Upper Basin leaders say, but the Lower Basin can count on predictable water deliveries from upstream.
The Upper Basinโs proposal basically outlines a legal loophole that would let them, under certain circumstances, allow less water to flow downstream without breaking their contract with California, Arizona and Nevada.
โ[The proposal] protects Lake Powell storage for the benefit of both the Upper and Lower Basins, mitigates the risk of either Lake Powell or Lake Mead reaching dead pool, and is consistent with the Law of the River,โ the Upper Basin states wrote in their proposal.
What are those three words?
In 1922, eight men spent 11 months going back and forth about the language of the Colorado River Compact. They were very deliberate in their choice of words.
One of the most important ideas laid out in its pages is the division of water between the Upper and Lower Basin. Half of it โ 7.5 million acre-feet โ stays in the mountain states where it starts as snow. Those Upper Basin states are on the hook to let the other half flow downstream.
Article III, Section D of the Compact explains it this way.
โThe States of the Upper Division will not cause the flow of the river at Lee Ferry to be depleted below an aggregate of 75,000,000 acre-feet for any period of ten consecutive years reckoned in continuing progressive series beginning with the first day of October next succeeding the ratification of this compact.โ
Patty Rettig points to a sentence printed in a 1922 copy of the Colorado River compact. The wording of that sentence is being used in negotiations about the river’s future in 2024. Photo credit: Alex Hager/KUNC
The water leaders of Colorado, Utah, Wyoming and New Mexico are, today, zooming in on one tiny part of that sentence.
โWill not cause.โ
The Upper Basin states, in 2024, say the agreement does not require them to send a particular amount of water downstream every year. Instead, it requires them to not be the reason that amount doesnโt make it downstream.
Theyโre arguing that climate change, not the states themselves, is the reason that less water is making it downstream. The Upper Basin states say they have less water to begin with, and it isnโt their fault โ itโs the fault of a warming climate.
And theyโre saying the Colorado River Compact, written more than a century ago, gives them legal permission to allow less water to flow downstream because they arenโt the ones causing the water supply to go down.
Whose idea was this?
The Colorado River Compact has not always been interpreted in this way. The idea to blame climate change as the โcauseโ of depleting water supplies, by most accounts, came around in the early 2000s. The people who drew it up are still around today.
โI might have been one of them,โ Eric Kuhn said with a chuckle. โI plead guilty.โ
Kuhn, now retired, was the head of the Colorado River District from 1996 to 2018. The taxpayer-funded agency was founded to keep water flowing to the cities and farms of Western Colorado. He said warming temperatures, which pushed river supplies into a steady decline starting around the year 2000, was the spark for the idea.
โWe have fixed obligations at Lee Ferry, and because of climate change, we’re going to see less and less water in the river,โ Kuhn said. โA fixed obligation with a declining resource means our water supply is caught between the two. So, I called it the โUpper Basin squeeze.โโ
Lee Ferry, also called Leeโs Ferry, is a place on the Colorado River in Northern Arizona. The architects of the Compact designated it as the riverโs halfway point. The measuring equipment installed there is still important today.
Leeโs Ferry. (Gaging station at upper left.) Photo by John Fleck
Kuhn doesnโt blame todayโs water leaders for pushing the idea during negotiations about the future. He said they wouldnโt be doing their jobs if they didnโt highlight climate change. But he doesnโt see this interpretation โ the idea of โnot causingโ drops in the water supply โ as the silver bullet to the Upper Basin’s water woes
โI think it’s a negotiating stance,โ Kuhn said, โAnd hopefully will give them some maneuvering room to come up with a different proposal than what they’re saying right now.โ
What did the Compactโs authors mean?
A certain faction of powerful people are choosing to interpret the language of the Colorado River Compact in a very specific way. But was that the intention of the people who wrote it?
In short, itโs hard to tell. But people with a knowledge of water history think they probably werenโt trying to create a loophole. Patty Rettig, the archivist at Colorado State University, has read through a lot of documents that can provide some context.
The collection she manages contains extensive writings from Delph Carpenter. He was Coloradoโs delegate to the 1922 meetings that resulted in the Colorado River Compact. His family turned over his papers, which includes an original copy of the Compact itself, to the CSU library. The collection also includes pages upon pages of handwritten notes and work-in-progress drafts that accrued during the months-long deliberations.
Governor Clarence J. Morley signing Colorado River compact and South Platte River compact bills, Delph Carpenter standing center. Unidentified photographer. Date 1925. Print from Denver Post. From the CSU Water Archives
Rettig has read through the meeting minutes from 1922 โ a word-by-word transcription of what state negotiators talked about during their brainstorming sessions in Santa Fe. New Mexico. She does not think Delph Carpenter would have deliberately chosen wording about the Upper Basinโs delivery obligation to provide 21st century leaders a way to find some wiggle room in how they manage water.
โI think it is plausible, but I think that also might be stretching his intentions some,โ she said. โI don’t have the sense that he was trying to do something underhanded or trying to get specific benefits for his state.โ
The compactโs authors โ a group that also included representatives from six other states and Herbert Hoover, who was the U.S. Secretary of Commerce at the time โ may not have been thinking about water policy discussions in the year 2024, but they were decidedly choosy with their wording.
Flipping through a mishmash of undated drafts of the Compact, many marked with Carpenterโs own scribbles and notes, that now-important โwill not causeโ sentence takes a few different forms.
At one point, the authors write that the Upper Basin states will not cause the river to be โdiminishedโ below the set amount of water. At another, they use the word โreduced.โ Finally, they settled on โdepleted.โ
But throughout all of the drafts, or at least the ones that made it into CSUโs collection, they did not change the wording about the Upper Basinโs responsibility to not โcauseโ the river to drop.
What happens if this goes to court?
The Upper Basinโs idea was met with swift dismissal from downstream states. JB Hamby, Californiaโs top water negotiator, put that dissent into words.
โArguing legal interpretations until weโre all blue in the face doesnโt do anything to proactively respond to climate change,โ Hamby said in a press conference on March 6, the day the proposal was released.
For Robert Glennon, water law expert and professor at the University of Arizona, the Upper Basinโs argument only makes sense if you laser-focus on those three words โ โwill not causeโ โ and ignore the context of the Colorado River Compact as a whole.
He said itโs a simple document, laying out a sequence of steps to split the river in half at Leeโs Ferry. The document itself is only a few pages long. It was written before Glen Canyon Dam and Hoover Dam were built or extensive canals tapped the riverโs flow.
Glennon said the compactโs authors โdidnโt know what the Upper Basin states might do, but they wanted to make sure there was no hanky-panky.โ The phrase in question, demanding the Upper Basin send water downstream, simply reinforces the agreed-upon split.
Lake Powell’s decline is seen in these photos of Glen Canyon Dam taken a decade apart. On the left, the water level in 2010; on the right, the water level in 2021. (Source: Bureau of Reclamation)
That, in Glennonโs mind, is the most โsensible interpretationโ of the Compactโs language. But if the states decide to take the question to court, Glennon said, a lawsuit over the language โwould be a disaster.โ
โWhat, youโre trying to cram modern theories and the science of climate change into a 100-year-old document?โ Glennon said.
He pointed out the Colorado River Compact is short โ considerably shorter, he joked, than a lease for an apartment. It doesnโt contain any legal definitions for key words like โdepletedโ or โcause.โ No one could predict what the courts would do, and court cases over Western water rights, in the past, have sometimes dragged on for years or even decades.
Glennon adds that if the Upper Basin really wanted to reopen the terms of the Colorado River Compact in a courtroom, there is a stronger argument at hand. The founders who divided up the water in 1922 judged the riverโs flow by a period of extremely wet years โ in fact, some of the wettest in more than a thousand years. Even setting aside long-term drought and climate change, the compact divvied up more water than the river normally holds. In legal terms, thatโs called a โmutual mistakeโ โ and itโs the kind of thing a lawyer could use to void a contract.
โI think thatโs a legal argument with some heft to it,โ Glennon admitted.
But he wasnโt suggesting anyone take that road. Glennon said itโs in no oneโs interest to tear apart the Colorado River Compact. Instead, he expressed faith in the ongoing negotiations.
โWeโre pretty close to finding ways to get through this really quite terrible period,โ he said. โThe people who are working on these issues at the state and federal level are smart, theyโre earnest, theyโre determined to get through this, and I think they will.โ
Whatโs next for negotiations?
Glennon isnโt the only one who believes the states can hash this out at the negotiating table without leaning on controversial readings of old laws.
Jim Lochhead was Coloradoโs top water negotiator in the late 90s, and among the first people to push the โwill not causeโ interpretation. But now, he said, isnโt the right time for lawyers to make โarcane and complex arguments.โ
โMaking strident arguments about those interpretations ultimately ignores the responsibility of the basin states to come together and reach agreement on managing a crisis that we all face together as a basin,โ Lochhead said.
Rebecca Mitchell, John Entsminger, Estevan Lopez, Gene Shawcroft, JB Hamby, Tom Buschatzke at the Getches-Wilkinson Center/Water and Tribes Initiative Conference June 6, 2024. Photo credit: Rebecca Mitchell
His comments join a chorus of other Colorado River experts who, despite their differences about how exactly to solve the supply-demand crisis, agree on one thing: the riverโs future should be decided by the Western states that use its water.
Credit: Earth Justice
โI think the fundamental lesson is that we’re much better off controlling our own destiny than putting our future in the hands of nine justices on the United States Supreme Court who don’t understand Western water law, who don’t understand life in the West,โ Lochhead said.
Proposals from both basins are on the desk of the Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency which manages Western dams and reservoirs. Theyโre joined by suggestions from tribal nations and a coalition of environmental nonprofits.
Reclamation officials are calling on the states to find some consensus before the November election, so federal water managers can start the paperwork to implement post-2026 river management plans before any potential disarray that could be caused by a change in presidential administrations.
In June, state water negotiators said they plan to take longer than that, hinting that they are more likely to find common ground closer to the 2026 deadline.
“New plot using the nClimGrid data, which is a better source than PRISM for long-term trends. Of course, the combined reservoir contents increase from last year, but the increase is less than 2011 and looks puny compared to the โholeโ in the reservoirs. The blue Loess lines subtly change. Last year those lines ended pointing downwards. This year they end flat-ish. 2023 temps were still above the 20th century average, although close. Another interesting aspect is that the 20C Mean and 21C Mean lines on the individual plots really donโt change much. Finally, the 2023 Natural Flows are almost exactly equal to 2019. (17.678 maf vs 17.672 maf). For all the hoopla about how this was record-setting year, the fact is that this year was significantly less than 2011 (20.159 maf) and no different than 2019” — Brad Udall
In May of 2018, USGS Hydrologic Technician Dave Knauer found a batch of zebra mussels attached to the boat anchor in the St. Lawrence River in New York. (Credit: John Byrnes, USGS. Public domain.)
Click the link to read the article on the Colorado Politics website (Thelma Grimes). Here’s an excerpt:
July 18, 2024
After years of taking steps to keep zebra mussels out of Colorado’s rivers and lakes, state officials said on Tuesday they are โdevastatedโ to learn the invasive species has now made its way into the Colorado River, potentially affecting four states, and they are working on a rapid response to stop it from spreading…According to the Colorado Parks and Wildlife, the zebra mussel was found in the Colorado River and Government High Line Canal through routine testing in early July. On July 1, the stateโs Aquatic Nuisance Species team collected a plankton sample from the Government Highline Canal near Clifton. The sample was evaluated at a lab in Denver, where a suspected single zebra mussel veliger was found, officials said.
Photo of a zebra mussel veliger discovered by CPW in the Colorado River near Grand Junction after routine testing in early July. A veliger is the mussel’s free-floating (planktonic) larval stage that can only be seen under a microscope. Photo Credit: CPW
A veliger is the free-floating larval stage of a mussel. At this stage in the life cycle, a zebra mussel can only be confirmed through a microscope. The mussels eat plankton, which takes away from fish that rely on it for food…After further analysis on July 9, the lab notified Invasive Species Manager Robert Walters that the sample was positive for zebra mussel DNA, officials said.ย Since the positive testing, the nuisance species team had collected plankton samples from two locations in the Colorado River upstream of the Grand Valley Water Users Canal. By July 11, both samples were confirmed for zebra mussel DNA.
Justyn Liff, the Bureau of Reclamation’s public affairs specialist, told Colorado Politics that sampling will increase upstream, and more meetings will be held between state and federal agencies to develop a solution to stop the species from spreading. Colorado Parks and Wildlife officials said that, with single detections in both waters, the areas are now designated as โsuspectโ for the presence of zebra mussels. The response must be rapid, with the state wildlife agency rolling out the Invasive Species Rapid Response Plan, which starts with taking more samples to determine if the official classification should be changed from โsuspectโ to โpositive.โ
The Government Highline Canal flows past Highline State Park in the Grand Valley. CREDIT: BETHANY BLITZ/ASPEN JOURNALISM
The Salton Sea (pictured above ) straddles the Imperial and Coachella valleys. (Source: Water Education Foundation)
Click the link to read the article on the InkStain website (John Fleck):
July 5, 2024
Janet Wilson hadย a super helpful piece this week in the Desert Sunย about steps being taken (in a hurry) to get the institutional widgets in place to meet Lower Basin commitments to reduce water use under a deal hashed out in spring 2023 to head of Colorado River NEPA litigation.
I wrote (with youthful enthusiasm) in my bookย Water is For Fighting Overย about the potential of โdeficit irrigationโ as a water use reduction tool in Imperial and places like it. One of the reasons we have converged on alfalfa as a crop in the arid southwestern United States is how robust it is when the water runs short. From the book:
Do that intentionally, for money, and you have an adaptation tool that avoids fallowing entire fields or โbuy and dryโ. This also works with Bermuda grass and klein grass, two other forage crops grown in Imperial. Taken together, the three crops accounted for 233,000 of Imperialโs 333,000 acres under active irrigation in June, according to IIDโs latest irrigation acreage report. (Total Imperial โfarmableโ acreage is 436,000 acres, the rest is either being fallowed or between crops right now.)
Deficit irrigation is one of three water conservation tools on the table for Imperial, as discussed in a draft Environmental Assessment released last week. Also on the table are on-farm efficiency improvements and straight up fallowing.
All involve federal money to compensate farmers (and their irrigation district). [ed. emphasis mine]
Denver Water on Tuesday celebrated the completion of its new treatment plant, the Northwater Treatment Plant, after nearly a decade of planning, design and construction.ย
The plant, built along Highway 93 north of Golden, can clean up to 75 million gallons of water per day and was designed to be expanded if needed. Over time, the new plant will replace the utilityโs Moffat Treatment Plant, which was built in Lakewood in the 1930s.
โIt was time to build a plant that could replace one of our older plants,โ said Nicole Poncelet-Johnson, the head of the water quality and treatment group at Denver Water.
โThis new plant will help us better meet the needs of a changing regulatory environment, the impacts of climate change and the need to be more sustainable in our operations,โ she said.
The Northwater Treatment Plant began operations earlier this year and was completed under budget.
Denver Water also operates the Foothills Treatment Plant, located near Roxborough and completed in 1983. Itโs Marston Treatment Plant, located in southwest Denver, started operations in 1924. Both plants have been updated over their decades of operation.
The Northwater plant incorporates new technology and lessons learned from other treatment plants. Its design also allows for upgrades to be added as needed.
โThe designers and contractors have worked on other conventional treatment plants along the Front Range, and you can see in this plant that they brought the best designs and ideas here to Northwater,โ Poncelet-Johnson said.
Unique elements at Northwater include deeper filter beds, which are used to filter out dirt particles in water. The deeper filters at the new plant can be operated for longer periods of time between cleanings, making them better suited for treating water affected by various aspects of climate change such as wildfires or floods.
The Northwater Treatment Plantโs filter beds remove dirt particles from the water as it flows through the treatment plant. Photo credit: Denver Water.
The plant uses ultraviolet technology to help clean the water, technology that reduces the time, space and chemicals needed to disinfect the water for delivery to customers.
And a generator that harnesses power from the water flowing into the plant, when combined with other energy efficiency improvements, is capable of producing more energy than it needs for operations.
โThis plant helps us be ready for the next 100 years. Itโs a great investment in the future for Denver Water and its customers,โ Poncelet-Johnson said.
A look back at building the Northwater Treatment Plant
With the old Moffat Treatment Plant, which started operations in the 1930s, nearing its end life, Denver Water decided to build a new treatment plant along Highway 93 north of Golden, near its Ralston Reservoir.
The project requiredinstalling a new pipeline, more than 5 feet in diameter, to carry water more than 8 miles from the new treatment plant to the site of the old Moffat Treatment Plant in Lakewood. The new pipeline replaced one that dated from the 1930s. The Moffat plant also was modified as it will transition from cleaning water to primarily storing water following the completion of the Northwater plant.
The new plant, pipeline and modifications to the Moffat facility are known as the North System Renewal project.
Installing the new water pipeline required tunneling under two railroad lines and three major highways, including Interstate 70:
Denver Water is building a new $90 million water pipeline in Jefferson County, Colorado. The pipeline replaces two existing pipelines and is needed for Denver Water’s new water treatment plant.
Construction on the Northwater Treatment Plant started in September 2018.
In the spring of 2019, the new plant was the subject of a senior capstone project for graduating civil engineering students at the University of Colorado Boulder. The students, working in teams, presented their designs for the building that houses the filter systems at the plant to Denver Waterโs leaders on the project.
How did the CU Boulder students do? Watch here:
For CU Boulder engineering students, their spring 2019 capstone project revolved around Denver Water’s new state-of-the-art water treatment plant.
How construction of Denver Water’s newest treatment plant stayed on schedule in 2020, despite the COVID-19 pandemic.
The summer of 2021ย saw the beginning of theย massive effort to place the thousands of yards of concreteย that would make up two giant concrete water storage tanks, each capable of holding 10 million gallons of clean water. The tanks, now partially buried, are most visible aspects of the plant seen from Highway 93.
Pouring the concrete floor of the first of two 10-million-gallon water storage tanks at the new Northwater Treatment Plant started at 2:30 a.m. on Friday, May 14, 2021, and continued through noon that day. Photo credit: Denver Water.
By the end of 2021, the plant had officially passed the 50% complete milestone for construction while the people working on the project had collectively dedicated 1 million hours to the effort.
The Northwater Treatment Plant received several national awards during its years of construction. Photo credit: Denver Water.
In 2022, the project received an award from the American Water Works Association, the largest organization of water supply professionals in the world. The project was the recipient of the 2022 AWWA Innovation Award, given to utilities that have inspired or implemented an innovative idea, best practice, or solution to address a challenge facing the industry.
In 2023, construction of the Northwater plant received national recognition from the American Public Works Association for its commitment and accomplishments around safety, including protecting the health of hundreds of workers on the project during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Lincoln Creek was yellow as it flowed into Grizzly Reservoir in September 2022. A report from the Environmental Protection Agency says metals contamination in the creek and reservoir is a result of natural causes, not a nearby mine. CREDIT: HEATHER SACKETT/ASPEN JOURNALISM
Click the link to read the article on the Aspen Daily News website (Austin Corona). Here’s an excerpt:
July 17, 2024
Ongoing construction at the Grizzly Reservoir turned the Roaring Fork River orange as it ran through Aspen on Tuesday. The discoloration had remained in the upper valley as of Tuesday afternoon, with some cloudiness visible as far downstream as Woody Creek. The river appeared clear at Old Snowmass.ย The city of Aspen said in a Facebook post that its municipal drinking water is safe to drink. Aspen takes its drinking water from Castle and Maroon creeks, not the Roaring Fork. The only drinking water intake located directly on the Roaring Fork is in Glenwood Springs. Nonetheless, county officials have warned recreators to be cautious when playing in the river and avoid ingesting river water. The county also warned against allowing pets in the river. A county alert on Tuesday said the river could appear muddy and discolored over the next few days.ย Sediment from Grizzly Reservoir likely contains high loads of copper, aluminum, iron and other minerals. The reservoir is located on Lincoln Creek, where the Environmental Protection Agency discovered high metals contamination in 2023 (the contamination was found to be naturally occurring). After leaving Grizzly, the creek flows into the Roaring Fork River roughly 10 miles upstream of Aspen.
Ordway, Colorado-based Twin Lakes Reservoir and Canal Company, which maintains and operates Grizzly, is installing a liner on the reservoir dam this summer. The company is draining the reservoir as part of the project, which has apparently allowed sediment from the bottom of the reservoir to flow downstream in Lincoln Creek…Twin Lakes Reservoir and Canal began draining the reservoir in late June, sending the drainage water through a tunnel under the continental divide. Toward the end of the process, the water level dropped below the tunnelโs intake, causing project managers to send the remaining reservoir contents down Lincoln Creek.
Click the link to read the release on the USGS website:
August 24, 2022
With the iconic monarch butterflyโs recent addition to the endangered species list, identifying areas where populations are growing or holding constant provides hope that the declines may be slowed or reversed. For the eastern monarch butterfly, the Midwest U.S is a critical breeding area, but climate change is furthering local population declines. Using extensive data sets and forecasting models, a research team supported in part by the Midwest CASC worked with scientists, community leaders and natural resource managers to identify breeding grounds in the Midwest and Ontario, Canada that are projected to be the least impacted by climate change. This information can be used to aid resource managers in locating areas their work may be the most impactful under the uncertainty of future climate conditions.
Over the past week, remnants of Beryl made their way up into the Midwest, bringing with them significant precipitation from east Texas all the way into Michigan. Another shot of significant rain at the end of the current period in the Midwest kept the region quite wet overall. Significant precipitation along the eastern seaboard from New Jersey into the Carolinas was welcomed, but isolated to coastal areas. Much of the rest of the country was quite dry with only pockets of light precipitation. The warmest temperatures were over the West, with departures of 3-6 degrees above normal widespread, and from Washington to California, with departures 9-12 degrees above normal. The coolest temperatures were also associated with areas that picked up the best rains as temperatures from Texas into Arkansas and Missouri were up to 3 degrees below normal. Areas of the Northeast were also warmer than normal with departures of 6-9 degrees above normal…
A few pockets of above-normal precipitation were recorded in northwest South Dakota and north central North Dakota as well as in areas of eastern Kansas at the end of the current period. Much of the rest of the region was dry or received minimal amounts of precipitation. Abnormally dry conditions were expanded in northwest and southeast Kansas as well as in eastern Colorado and western Nebraska. Moderate drought was introduced over eastern Colorado and expanded in northwest Nebraska and southwest South Dakota as well as in eastern portions of Wyoming. Moderate and severe drought expanded in central Colorado as the foothills remained dry. After several weeks of wet weather, some drying out is taking place in portions of the region, which is welcomed in some circumstances…
Colorado Drought Monitor one week change map ending July 16, 2024.
Warmer-than-normal temperatures dominated the region, with only portions of western Colorado and New Mexico below normal for the week with departures of up to 3 degrees below normal in New Mexico. Portions of central Washington and Oregon into northern California had temperatures 9-12 degrees above normal. Isolated rains in New Mexico and Arizona as well as portions of central California were the only precipitation events of significance in the region. In response to the recent heat and dryness, a large swath of abnormally dry conditions was expanded this week from northern Nevada and southern Idaho into northern Utah. Abnormally dry conditions were also expanded in northwest California, western Nevada, southern Colorado and southwest Utah. Moderate drought was expanded over more of central Oregon with more abnormally dry areas added in the west. Moderate drought was expanded in western Wyoming, and Montana had severe drought expand broadly in the west while a new pocket of extreme drought was introduced…
It was a mostly dry week over the region with much of the area experiencing temperatures that were 2-3 degrees below normal. With short-term dryness returning to portions of north Texas and southern Oklahoma, abnormally dry conditions were expanded this week. Throughout the rest of the region, no other significant changes were made this week, with status quo common across the region…
Looking Ahead
Over the next 5-7 days, an active pattern appears to be developing from the Southwest, Plains, and into the Southeast and eastern seaboard. The most significant precipitation is anticipated over New Mexico, southern Colorado, northeast Texas, and from Louisiana through Virginia. Dry conditions are anticipated over much of the West and Midwest during this period. Cooler-than-normal temperatures are anticipated over much of the Plains, South and into the Southeast, with some departures from normal approaching 9-11 degrees below normal in portions of Nebraska, Kansas and into Colorado and New Mexico. Warmer-than-normal temperatures will dominate the West with departures of 11-13 degrees above normal over the Great Basin and into the northern Rocky Mountains. Near-normal temperatures are anticipated over other areas.
The 6-10 day outlooks show that the greatest chances of below-normal temperatures will be over the southern Plains into portions of the South, Southwest and southern Midwest. The greatest probability of experiencing above-normal temperatures during this time will be over the West and the Florida peninsula and portions of the Northeast. The highest probability of above-normal precipitation will be over Texas with the area from the Southwest into the Mid-Atlantic also expected to have above-normal chances of above-normal precipitation. The area with the greatest chances of below-normal precipitation will be over the northern Rocky Mountains into the northern High Plains.
US Drought Monitor one week change map ending July 16, 2024.
American beaver, he was happily sitting back and munching on something. and munching, and munching. By Steve from washington, dc, usa – American Beaver, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3963858
From email from the Beaver Institute (Matt Moseley):
BOULDER, Colo โ As drought, climate change and wildfires become more challenging around the country, the intriguing beaver has become a hot topic these days.
BeaverCON is the premier global gathering for knowledge-sharing and celebration of beavers. The Beaver Institute will host the third biennial global gathering on October 19-24 at the University of Colorado Boulder. It will feature presentations, science, field trips, panels, discussion, art and storytelling about the castor canadensis.
โBeavers are more important than ever in water management and creating habitat,โ said Adam Burnett, executive director of the Beaver Institute. โThis conference is an opportunity for multiple organizations, disciplines, and experiences to converge and learn how to create a future of ecological balance with beavers. We are thrilled with the speakers and energy around this unique and special conference.โ
Highlights of BeaverCON:
Saturday, October 19: Cameron Peak Wildfire Field Trip with Dr. Emily Fairfax.
Sunday, October 20: Urban Beaver Field Trip
Monday, October 21: Opening Ceremony with Tribal Recognition, activating of Artist Commission; featured presenters include Dr. Emily Fairfax on wildfires, USDA FSA Administrator Zach Ducheneaux on beavers and farmers, Dr. Ellen Wohl on beavers in Colorado, Californiaโs Natural Resources Secretary Wade Crowfoot on beaver reintroduction, Brock & Kate Lundquist on the Bring Back the Beaver Campaign, and Jim Vaile & Alicia Yellow Owl on Blackfeet Nation’s beaver management plan.
Tuesday, October 22: Multiple speakers on beaver-related restoration, coexistence, relational conservation, partnering with Tribal Nations, youth leadership, subsistence living, relocation, and policy. Leading voices in the field Molly Alves, Mark Beardsley, Dr. Roisin Campbell-Murphy, Janine Castro, Derek Gow, Dr. Chris Jordan, Dr. Jordan Kennedy, Sarah Marshall, Torrey Ritter, Gerhard Schwab, Dr. Colin Thorne, and Alexa Whipple, will present and participate in panels. A Beaver Storytelling Circle will be held at the Dairy Arts Center in the evening.
Wednesday, October 23: A sprawling โState of the Beaver Unionโ session, Low-Tech Process-Based Restoration (LTPBR) technical sessions, film screenings, and presentations on permafrost, rewilding, youth leadership, policy, and more.
Thursday, October 24: Wetland Field Trip and a beaver coexistence workshop with Mike Callahan (Beaver Solutions, Beaver Institute)
Photo of a zebra mussel veliger discovered by CPW in the Colorado River near Grand Junction after routine testing in early July. A veliger is the mussel’s free-floating (planktonic) larval stage that can only be seen under a microscope. Photo Credit: CPW
Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) announces the discovery of zebra mussel veligers in the Colorado River and Government Highline Canal after routine testing in early July.
On July 1, staff from CPWโs Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS) team collected a plankton sample from the Government Highline Canal near Clifton. This sample was evaluated at the ANS Lab in Denver where a suspected single zebra mussel veliger was found. The Sample was then sent to CPWโs Aquatic Animal Health Lab (AAHL) for further analysis. On July 9, the lab notified Robert Walters, Invasive Species Program Manager, that the sample was positive for zebra mussel DNA.
The Government Highline Canal, in Palisade. The Government Highline Canal near Grand Junction. The Grand Valley Water Users Association, which operates the canal, has been experimenting with a program that pays water users to fallow fields and reduce their consumptive use of water. Photo: Brent Gardner-Smith/Aspen Journalism
On July 8, CPW ANS staff collected plankton samples from two locations in the Colorado River upstream of the Grand Valley Water Users Canal diversion. On July 10 ANS technicians identified single suspect zebra mussel veligers in both samples. The samples were sent to the AAHL for confirmation. On July 11, the lab confirmed the samples were positive for zebra mussel DNA.
With single detections in both waters, these locations are now considered โsuspectโ for the presence of zebra mussels. In response to this detection, CPW has initiated their Invasive Species Rapid Response Plan and increased sampling is underway to determine if the classification should be changed to โpositive,” a designation given when two or more subsequent sampling events detect mussel veligers in a water body.
A veliger is the free-floating (planktonic) larval stage of the mussel. At this stage of their life cycle, zebra mussels can only be seen under a microscope. No adult zebra mussels have been found at this time at either location.
โThis challenging discovery has ecological and economic impacts not only on the Grand Valley but potential statewide impacts as well. CPW is committed to working with all of our partners as we work to better understand the extent of this discovery and the next steps in protecting the natural resources and infrastructure,โ said CPW Director Jeff Davis.
Zebra mussels pose an extreme risk of ecological impacts to Colorado. The establishment of zebra mussels in the Colorado River is likely to negatively impact native fish populations due to their filter-feeding strategies that strip essential prey items, such as plankton, from the water. Slower-moving sections of the Colorado River, such as pools, eddies, and backwaters, are especially prone to invasion.
Zebra mussels also pose a risk to infrastructure that pulls water from the Colorado River. Female zebra mussels can produce up to 1,000,000 eggs in a spawning season. As they mature, the mussels bond to surfaces with byssal threads making them extremely difficult to remove. This rapid reproduction coupled with their attachment by byssal threads can lead to clogged water infrastructures creating long-term maintenance issues.
โWe are disappointed in the situation we find ourselves in,โ said Ed Warner, Area Manager, BOR Western Colorado Area Office. โWe know how much effort CPW has put into keeping the Colorado River clear of zebra mussels. This is an extremely difficult scenario for all who rely on the Upper Colorado River system. We look forward to partnering with CPW, our stakeholders, and all involved to do what we can to address the situation.โ
“This news is devastating,โ said Tina Bergonzini, Grand Valley Water Users Association General Manager โHaving our canal and the Colorado River test positive increases the threat of this invasive species and could impact everyone in the Grand Valley. From irrigation to drinking water, the ramifications cannot be underestimated or overstated. Our efforts, alongside our partners at CPW and the BOR, will be increased to protect our infrastructure, the livelihoods of so many, and water security for us all.โ
CPW staff will continue working closely with our partners at the Bureau of Reclamation and Grand Valley Water Users Association on the next steps. Signs alerting the public of the river status will be posted at river access points starting in the De Beque Canyon to the Loma Boat Ramp.
โDetecting mussels in the Colorado River highlights how critical it is for boaters, paddlers, anglers, and any person recreating in Coloradoโs waters to do their part in preventing the spread,โ said Robert Walters, Invasive Species Program Manager.
CPW strongly encourages anyone boating, floating, paddling, or fishing in the Colorado River to clean, drain, and dry their vessels and equipment, including motorized boats, rafts, paddle boards, kayaks, and fishing gear after exiting the river.
CPW is evaluating options for the future management of Highline Lake based on this new information. Updates regarding access, fishing regulations, and water management will be provided once those decisions have been made.
Questions from the media for the Bureau of Reclamation can be directed to BOR Public Affairs Specialist Justyn Liff at 970-248-0625 or jliff@usbr.gov.
Questions from the media for the Grand Valley Water Users Association can be directed to GVWAU General Manager Tina Bergonzini at 970-242-5065 or tbergonzini@gvwua.com.
๐จ This is big newsโweโve discovered zebra mussel larvae in the Colorado River and Government Highline Canal near Grand Junction. No adult zebra mussels have been found at this time. pic.twitter.com/HIPoau5PQd
— Colorado Parks and Wildlife (@COParksWildlife) July 16, 2024
SPANISH TRANSLATION:
CPW anuncia el descubrimiento de mejillones cebra en el rรญo Colorado y el canal Highline del Gobierno
GRAND JUNCTION, Colorado. – El Departamento de Parques y Vida Silvestre de Colorado (CPW, por sus siglas en inglรฉs) anuncia el descubrimiento de veligers de mejillรณn cebra en el rรญo Colorado y el canal Government Highline despuรฉs de hacer pruebas de rutina al principio de julio.
El 1 de julio, el personal del equipo de Especies Acuรกticas Molestas (ANS) de CPW recolectรณ una muestra de plancton del Canal Highline del Gobierno, cerca de Clifton. Esta muestra fue evaluada en el Laboratorio ANS en Denver, donde se encontrรณ un presunto veliger de mejillรณn cebra. Luego, la muestra se enviรณ al Laboratorio de Salud de Animales Acuรกticos (AAHL) de CPW para mรกs anรกlisis. El 9 de julio, el laboratorio notificรณ a Robert Walters, Gerente del Programa de Especies Invasoras, que la muestra era positiva de ADN de mejillรณn cebra.
El 8 de julio, el personal de CPW ANS recolectรณ muestras de plancton de dos lugares en el rรญo Colorado aguas arriba del desvรญo del Canal de Usuarios de Agua de Grand Valley. El 10 de julio, un tรฉcnico de ANS identificรณ a un solo sospechoso de mejillรณn cebra en ambas muestras. Las muestras se enviaron a la AAHL para su confirmaciรณn. El 11 de julio, el laboratorio confirmรณ que las muestras eran positivas de ADN de mejillรณn cebra.
Con detecciones รบnicas en ambas aguas, estos lugares ahora se consideran “sospechosos” de la presencia de mejillones cebra. En respuesta a esta detecciรณn, CPW ha iniciado su Plan de Respuesta Rรกpida de Especies Invasoras y se estรก llevando a cabo un aumento de muestreo para determinar si la clasificaciรณn debe cambiarse a “positiva”, una designaciรณn que se da cuando dos o mรกs eventos de muestreo posteriores detectan mejillones veligers en agua.
Un veliger es la etapa larvaria flotante (planctรณnica) del mejillรณn. En esta etapa de su ciclo de vida, los mejillones cebra solo se pueden ver bajo un microscopio. No se han encontrado mejillones cebra adultos en este momento en ninguno de los dos lugares.
“Este desafiante descubrimiento tiene impactos ecolรณgicos y econรณmicos no solo en el Gran Valle, sino tambiรฉn posiblemente en todo el estado. CPW estรก comprometido a trabajar con todos nuestros socios para comprender mejor el alcance de este descubrimiento y los prรณximos pasos para proteger los recursos naturales y la infraestructura”, dijo el director de CPW, Jeff Davis.
Los mejillones cebra representan un riesgo extremo de impactos ecolรณgicos para Colorado. Es probable que el establecimiento de mejillones cebra en el rรญo Colorado tenga un impacto negativo en las poblaciones de peces nativos debido a sus estrategias de alimentaciรณn por filtraciรณn que despojan del agua a las presas esenciales, como el plancton. Las secciones mรกs lentas del rรญo Colorado, como pozas, remolinos y remansos, son especialmente propensas a la invasiรณn.
Los mejillones cebra tambiรฉn representan un riesgo para la infraestructura que extrae agua del rรญo Colorado. Las hembras de mejillรณn cebra pueden producir hasta 1,000,000 de huevos en una temporada de desove. A medida que maduran, los mejillones se adhieren a las superficies con hilos bisales, lo que los hace extremadamente difรญciles de eliminar. Esta rรกpida reproducciรณn, junto con su fijaciรณn por roscas bisales, puede provocar la obstrucciรณn de las infraestructuras de agua, lo que crea problemas de mantenimiento a largo plazo.
“Estamos decepcionados con la situaciรณn en la que nos encontramos”, dijo Ed Warner, Gerente de รrea de la Oficina del รrea Occidental de Colorado de BOR. “Sabemos cuรกnto esfuerzo ha puesto CPW para mantener el rรญo Colorado libre de mejillones cebra. Este es un escenario extremadamente difรญcil para todos los que dependen del sistema del rรญo Colorado. Esperamos asociarnos con CPW, nuestras partes interesadas y todos los involucrados para hacer lo que podamos para abordar la situaciรณn”.
“Esta noticia es devastadora”, dijo Tina Bergonzini, Gerente General de la Asociaciรณn de Usuarios de Agua de Grand Valley, “El hecho de que nuestro canal y el rรญo Colorado den positivo aumenta la amenaza de esta especie invasora y podrรญa afectar a todos en Grand Valley. Desde el riego hasta el agua potable, las ramificaciones no pueden subestimarse ni exagerarse. Nuestros esfuerzos, junto con nuestros socios en CPW y BOR, se incrementarรกn para proteger nuestra infraestructura, los medios de vida de tantas personas y la seguridad hรญdrica para todos nosotros”.
El personal de CPW continuarรก trabajando en estrecha colaboraciรณn con nuestros socios en la Oficina de Recuperaciรณn y la Asociaciรณn de Usuarios de Agua de Grand Valley en los prรณximos pasos. Se colocarรกn letreros que alerten al pรบblico sobre el estado del rรญo en los puntos de acceso al rรญo, comenzando en el caรฑรณn De Beque hasta la rampa para botes de Loma.
“La detecciรณn de mejillones en el rรญo Colorado pone de manifiesto lo importante que es para los navegantes, remeros, pescadores y cualquier persona que se recree en las aguas de Colorado hacer su parte para prevenir la propagaciรณn”, dijo Robert Walters.
CPW recomienda encarecidamente a cualquier persona que navegue, flote, reme o pese en el rรญo Colorado que limpie, drene y seque sus embarcaciones y equipos, incluidos botes motorizados, balsas, tablas de remo, kayaks y equipos de pesca despuรฉs de salir del rรญo.
CPW estรก evaluando opciones para la futura administraciรณn del lago Highline en funciรณn de esta nueva informaciรณn. Las actualizaciones sobre el acceso, las regulaciones de pesca y la gestiรณn del agua se proporcionarรกn una vez que se hayan tomado esas decisiones.
Las preguntas de los medios de comunicaciรณn para la Oficina de Reclamaciรณn pueden dirigirse al especialista en asuntos pรบblicos de BOR, Justyn Liff, al 970-248-0625 o jliff@usbr.gov.
Las preguntas de los medios de comunicaciรณn para la Asociaciรณn de Usuarios de Agua de Grand Valley pueden dirigirse a la Gerente General de GVWAU, Tina Bergonzini, al 970-242-5065 o tbergonzini@gvwua.com.
Click the link to read the article on the Sibley’s Rivers website (George Sibley):
July 17, 2024
In theย last post, I suggested that the Colorado River Compact with its โtemporary equitable divisionโ into two basins could now be considered irrelevant (or worse, obstructive) because we have finally effectively accomplished, over the past century, the goal that brought the seven-state Compact commission together in 1922, but which they were unable to achieve then: a seven-way division of the use of the riverโs waters.
They wanted a legally constituted seven-way division that would override the appropriation doctrine at the interstate level, to avoid a seven-state horserace for water in which California was already lapping the field, but in 1922 they lacked, for that goal, both a sufficient knowledge of the riverโs flows and reasonable expectations for their own growth. Finally they settled on the two-basin division that was, from the start, problematic (Arizona refused to even ratify it), but which sufficed to persuade Congress that the states were enough in agreement so that Congress could go ahead with funding the big mainstem structures the Bureau of Reclamation was champing at the bit to build (perhaps theย realย goal of the Compact).
But now, after a century of Colorado River development, we ought to be able to say, with resignation if not confidence, that, yes, we have accomplished an eight-way division of use of the riverโs waters (seven states plus Mexico). We can say this because all of the waters of the river have been put to use; what each state has to use now is almost certainly all the water it will ever have to use โ at best.
Is it an โequitableโ division? The Compact intended for each basin to have the use of half of the riverโs waters; what has evolved over the century is roughly two-thirds of the river being used by the Lower Basin, one third by the Upper. But a huge majority of the 35-40 million people served by the river live in the Lower Basin; the majority of the best land irrigable by the river is there. Speaking as an Upper Basin inhabitant, I would rather see the water go where the people are, than the people coming to where the water is (although too much of that is happening anyway).
Map credit: AGU
But to my point: the seven-way (plus Mexico) division of the use of the waters that the Compact commissioners wanted has been achieved โ like it or not. (Water for the 30 First People tribes is shoehorned into the state allotments.) So can we not finally jettison the two-basin division that has really proven to be nothing but divisive? As indicated by the current situation, with each basin producing a plan for the future that is unacceptable to the other basin?
We seem to have two options for the post-2026 operation and management of the river systems and structures at this point: one, add another set of โLaw of the Riverโ modifications, corrections, crutches and bandaids to the beat-up Compact. Or two, start to do what we keep telling ourselves we need to be doing today: โthinking outside the boxโ โ the Compact being the box weโre in. Nested in a larger box, the appropriation doctrine as the ultimate answer, no matter what the question.
So with the seven states currently deadlocked in the two-basin box, we might take the moment to at least haul ourselves up onto the edge of the box to look around โ and we might find a start in looking at the basic nature and function of our river, underneath all the physical, legal and economic structures weโve laid over it to control and contain its basic nature. There is also some interesting science happening around the river I want to get intoโฆ.
The basic function of every stream is to collect and carry off water from precipitation that the precipitation โcatchment basinโ could not โcatchโ and put to work in some way nurturing other life, soaking into the root zone of the plant life or accumulating in surface pools and lakes. When it comes too fast (as when a snowpack is melting), or the slope is too steep or rocky, the โcatchment basinโ becomes a โwatershed,โ shedding water. This is not to say that a living stream is just a โdrainage ditchโ; the water itself gives intimations of trying to stay with the land, slowing itself with picking up everything from sand and gravel to whole trees; and when the slope gentles enough, it drops what it is carrying in its own path and forces itself into looping meanders and wetlands that maximize contact with the land and opportunities to stay there.
A stream becomes a โgainingโ or โlosingโ stream, depending on what is happening in the watershed it is moving through: precipitation causes direct runoff from the land, and also raises the water table, the level of saturation in whatever geological structures underlie the watershed. Both of those can add water to the stream, making it a โgainingโ stream. If there is no precipitation, or only enough to wet the root zone for whatever plant life is trying to hold the watershed together, and if the stream is carrying a flow that is higher than the water table in the streamโs riparian zone, then the stream will give some of its water to its riparian zone in what hydrologists call a โhyporheic exchange,โ making it a โlosingโ stream. (Personally, I think of it as a โgiving stream.โ)
You can probably see where this is going for a river in an arid region like most of the Colorado River Basin. Humid-region rivers like the Mississippi and its eastern tributaries tend to be โgaining streamsโ all the way to the oceans, due to precipitation throughout the basin, but an arid-region river is more likely to be a โlosing (giving) streamโ once it leaves its relatively wet headwaters.
This Trail Ridge Road view of the Colorado Front Range shows how the upslope conditions are created. Photo credit: Texas A&M University
A state-of-the-scienceย study by the Western Water Assessmentย (based at the University of Colorado), compiling work from many river scientists, reported thatย 85-90 percentย of the Colorado Riverโsย totalย water supply is runoff from the mountain headwaters of the Colorado River.ย ย The mountains force air upward into cooler atmospheric levels, where any moisture in the air condenses and falls as precipitation, mostly above 8,000 feet in elevation. There would be no Colorado River were it not for the mountain ranges rising to 14,000 feet in the Southern Rockies โ which constitute less that 15 percent of the Basinโs 250,000 square miles. The riverโs desert reaches receive very little dependable precipitation โ a lot of which comes in violent summer storms powerful enough to break through the โheat shieldโ that creates theย virgaย โ the afternoon would-be storms when rain is seen trailing out of clouds, but being vaporized before reaching ground by the rising desert heat.
The Colorado River, despite its mountain origins, is a desert river. Below the 7,000-foot elevation the riverโs tributary streams flow onto (and deeply into) the high deserts of the Colorado Plateau, then out of those canyons and into the subtropical Sonora and Mojave Deserts. Desert rivers, as a rule, are gaining streams only in their headwaters highlands; once in the deserts, they are losing (giving) streams that begin to disappear, through evaporation, plant transpiration, and โgivingโ to low water tables โ and now, of course, to humans diverting the river to irrigate rich but dry desert lands, or to water great desert cities: human practices that go back 6,000 years to the โFertile Crescentโ of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the floodplains of the Nile.
The Colorado River, despite its mountain origins, is a desert river. Below the 7,000-foot elevation the riverโs tributary streams flow onto (and deeply into) the high deserts of the Colorado Plateau, then out of those canyons and into the subtropical Sonora and Mojave Deserts. Desert rivers, as a rule, are gaining streams only in their headwaters highlands; once in the deserts, they are losing (giving) streams that begin to disappear, through evaporation, plant transpiration, and โgivingโ to low water tables โ and now, of course, to humans diverting the river to irrigate rich but dry desert lands, or to water great desert cities: human practices that go back 6,000 years to the โFertile Crescentโ of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the floodplains of the Nile.
The Colorado River, as it ran before we went to work on it, still carried enough water so there would be some left after its passage through the deserts, to โwasteโ into the Gulf of California โ most of in a 2-3 month flood as the snow melted, then dropping to a trickle in the delta that probably went intermittent in drier periods. But the Great Basin north of the Colorado River region has good current examples of what happens more or less naturally with desert rivers.
Credit: USGS
Forty streams and rivers flow into the Great Basin from the Sierras, the Wasatch, the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus, and the smaller Nevada ranges within its basin-and-range landscape, and most of those streams just disappear there. Some of them are substantial like the Truckee and Humboldt Rivers as they emerge from the mountains, and flow into salty fluctuating lakes similar to but much smaller than the Great Salt Lake (also in the Great Basin). But most of those streams disappear in shallow silty playas that are dry most of the year, or they just dribble off into the riparian scrub growth they nurture in passing.
Evaporation and plant transpiration from those โdyingโ Great Basin desert rivers is probably responsible for some of the precipitation that falls on the Southern Rockies and creates the Colorado River. As the dried-out westerlies pass over the Sierras where theyโve dumped their load of Pacific moisture โ a lot of it on the Sierrasโ east slopes (Tahoe Lake regularly gets 8-20 feet of snow), the dried air warms up as it flows down the mountains and begins picking up vapor evaporated from the 40 Great Basin streams and rivers, carrying it on to the Rockies where it is again condensed to precipitation.
Colorado River water is thus at the end of a line of freshwater transformations beginning with water vapor from the Pacific Ocean, condensed to rain over Californiaโs coastal mountains, running off as liquid water to the Central Valley, then to vapor again under the hot sun, picked by the westerlies, then condensed to serious rain or snow over the high Sierras, then back to water running off the Sierras, then evaporated again in the Great Basin and again picked up by the westerlies, then condensed again to snow as it is cooled over the Southern Rockies, then melted as runoff and groundwater for the Colorado River.
The freshwater dance: less than three percent of the planetโs water is in the freshwater cycle at any time, but all land-based life depends on that fraction, mostly in its liquid state. One notices, however, that the sun and wind that create it over the ocean and move it onto land work hard to return it to its vaporous state โ and what we are doing to our atmosphere is making it easier for the vaporizing forces, and more difficult to keep enough liquid water for all life everywhere.
When it comes to contemplating the management and operation of a desert river, itโs useful to begin by trying to ignore all of the artificial boundaries drawn over the river basin, especially the state boundaries which (except for where the river divides California from Arizona) bear absolutely no resemblance to or reflection of any real geography. Dividing unsettled lands into large โterritories,โ bounded by straight lines useful only in oceanic navigation, is an imperial ploy used to create weak political and economic states with a developed dependence on the powers that drew the lines โ in our case, setting up resource supply territories for the ever-expanding industrial juggernaut โback east.โ
Western US
If you can forget the state lines and look at natureโs usually blurrier or fuzzier lines โ you donโt need to be hydrologist to see that a desert river dividesย naturallyย into two regions: aย water-production regionย in the mountains and other uplands that receive most of the river-creating precipitation, and aย water-consumption region, the deserts where the riverโs water gradually disappears into atmospheric vapor, groundwater, or riparian life โ now including extensive human activities taking some of the water a long way from the natural river channel.
Obviously the two regions require different management strategies, in a time of water-stress. In the Colorado Riverโs โwater-consumptionโ region, with humans now the largest consuming entity, the management challenge is in the broad range of activities that can be called โconservationโ: implementing systemic changes like requiring low-flow fixtures in all construction or remodeling; determining the best balance of water uses and providing the carrots and sticks to work toward those balances; doing what can be done to capture whatever precipitation does fall rather than treating it as โstorm runoffโ; where possible โhidingโ stored water away from the sun through recharging underground aquifers; developing internal and inter-community water reuse and sharing systems for the metropolitan sprawls โ et cetera.
Rendering of Phoenix’s proposed Cave Creek direct potable reuse project. Source: City of Phoenix
A lot of work is already being done in these ventures โ mostly initiated by the cities themselves, or by large irrigation entities โ sometimes working together with the cities. Such measures are expensive โ some of them very expensive, like reuse systems requiring substantial disruptive replumbing, but they do โincrease the water supplyโ to the extent that water not needed in one place can fill a shortage somewhere else.
But an entirely different set of management challenges await up in the โwater-productionโ region โ the 15 percent of the basin that produces 85-90 percent of its water โ and not a lot is being done about those challenges, so far as I can tell, at least not in a conscious and deliberate way. Most of the water-production region is public land, and most of it is administered by the U.S. Forest Service which has a lot of other challenges on its plate.
But there is a factoid from the aforementioned Western Water Assessment study of Colorado River science that intrigues: they say that as much as 170 million ace-feet of precipitation falls on the Colorado River Basin, the majority of it in the mountain headwaters tributaries โ yet only about 10 percent of that shows up in the river. What happens to the rest of it?
I’m reupping this in case you missed it. $9,000 to go.
Laurna Kaatz photo credit Aspen Global Change Institute.
From email from Taylor Winchell:
June 26, 2024
Hi all,
I hope this message finds you well. I am reaching out to let you know about a GoFundMe campaign to support Laurna Kaatz as she continues her recovery from a traumatic brain injury suffered in October 2021.
Laurnaโs impact on climate adaptation, water resource management, and in supporting her many colleagues is simply immeasurable. This GoFundMe campaign is an opportunity for us to come together and show our support to Laurna during this ongoing challenging experience.
If you have any questions or need further information, please feel free to reach out (taylorwinchell@gmail.com). My apologies if this email has reached you and you do not know Laurna โ this email distribution was assembled from a variety of lists that generally know Laurna and therefore includes some people that may not know Laurna well or at all.
“New plot using the nClimGrid data, which is a better source than PRISM for long-term trends. Of course, the combined reservoir contents increase from last year, but the increase is less than 2011 and looks puny compared to the โholeโ in the reservoirs. The blue Loess lines subtly change. Last year those lines ended pointing downwards. This year they end flat-ish. 2023 temps were still above the 20th century average, although close. Another interesting aspect is that the 20C Mean and 21C Mean lines on the individual plots really donโt change much. Finally, the 2023 Natural Flows are almost exactly equal to 2019. (17.678 maf vs 17.672 maf). For all the hoopla about how this was record-setting year, the fact is that this year was significantly less than 2011 (20.159 maf) and no different than 2019” — Brad Udall
In 2022, Lake Powell was at its lowest since it was originally filled in the 1960s. [Amy] Haas noted an ongoing concern that there is currently no mechanism to ensure the conserved water from the upper basin states is flowing down to Lake Powell and staying there.
The relationship between the upper and lower basin states is not always pleasant, but [Gene] Shawcroft noted that recently, agreements and understandings have been made between the entities…In their post-2026 operations proposal, the lower basin states said they would cut water use by 1.5 million acre-feet per year as long as Lake Powell and Lake Meadโs combined storage remains at a certain level. Shawcroft added that the question now is, at what point, do these cuts in water use begin?
โThe upper division states feel very strongly that we need to improve our storage (and) that we need additional storage. And so our concept would be that we would have that one-and-a-half reduction occur at an elevation that was higher than what they would propose. Their position, or their thought process is, if thereโs water in the system, we ought to put it to use,โ he said.
Haas added, โThe lower basin is proposing actions based on total system contents as they define it, which includes not only Lake Powell and Lake Mead but also the upstream initial units, right? So this would be Flaming Gorge, the Aspinall unit in Colorado and Navajo.โ
Contractors move equipment as part of a 2021 study of removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) from the aquifer under Cannon Air Force base, near Clovis, New Mexico. New Mexico asked a judge to require the federal government to pay current and future damages from PFAS in court documents filed Monday, July 8, 2024. (Courtesy U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. Maxwell Daigle)
Click the link to read the article on the SourceNM.com website (Danielle Prokop):
July 10, 2024
New Mexico requested a judge order the federal government to pay the past and future costs of cleaning up โforever chemicalsโ from military bases across the state, per court documents filed Monday.
New Mexico officials argue the federal government needs to be accountable for PFAS contamination costs at Cannon Air Force Base, Holloman Air Force Base, Kirtland Air Force Base, White Sands Missile Range and Fort Wingate.
Now, after a federal rules change on Monday, they hope it will allow the state to recover damages and future cleanup costs for PFAS contamination left by the U.S. Department of Defense at military bases across New Mexico.
โWe applaud the EPAโs listing of certain PFAS, or โforever chemicals,โ as hazardous substances under the Superfund statute,โ New Mexico Attorney General Raรบl Torrez said. โThis enables us to pursue monetary damages and costs at federal facilities, as stated in our amended complaint.โ
Torrez said the change means a federal law requiring polluters to pay to clean up contamination now applies to PFAS.
The designation of PFAS as a hazardous substance is separate from the EPAโs efforts to remove the forever chemicals in drinking water.
The filing makes the federal government liable to pay for current and future costs, repair damages to water, land, air and address impacts to wildlife and the stateโs economy.
โThis opens the door for us to really help communities like Clovis who have been suffering for far too long with this threat, if not actuality of PFAS,โ New Mexico Environment Secretary James Kenney said.
He told Source New Mexico that if a judge grants the request, the timeline for payment would be uncertain, but pointed to a similar process on the Gold King Mine, which took several years.
The state has spent an estimated $8 million to $10 million on technical, legal costs and clean-up at Cannon and Holloman, Kenney said, but the estimates for cleanup at all sites will be expensive.
โWe could easily be looking at up to 150 million, if not more, especially once we understand the magnitude of the damages,โ Kenney said.
He said itโs unclear when the state will have an estimated cost of damages available.
โIt depends if we have cooperation by the United States,โ Kenney said. โI would say to be five and-a-half years in, and to be where we are today, does not scream โ to me โ cooperation.โ
As part of those costs, New Mexico is looking to recoup at least $850,000 for the removal of thousands of PFAS-contaminated cow carcasses from a dairy farm next to Cannon, another $1.3 million for investigation contamination around bases, according to the complaint.
The filing amends a five-year old civil case before the federal District of South Carolina Court. That case combined 500 claims from across the country seeking damages from contamination caused by the use of a fire-fighting foam containing PFAS. The case has been in a discovery phase since 2020.
Specifically, New Mexico said the U.S. Army and the U.S. Air Force broke state law by failing to contain or โaddress contaminants, hazardous wastes, and hazardous substances,โ listing how PFAS was found in groundwater and surrounding environment.
The original 2019 complaint only focused on Cannon and Holloman Air Force bases, but the amended complaint filed Monday expands to five sites.
New Mexico argued in their 65-page motion that while the federal government has acknowledged that PFAS poses โan imminent and substantial danger,โ at Cannon, that they have failed to take action to clean up.
The complaint asked that the court grant the state the power to direct the federal government to โto take all steps necessaryโ on clean-up.
The U.S. Department of Defense deferred comment to the U.S. Department of Justice Tuesday.
New Mexico is embroiled in a second, separate federal lawsuit with the U.S. Department of Defense over PFAS, which is still in mediation, and is not part of the effort to recoup damages.
The Klamath River is experiencing an amazing transformation. The remaining 3 of 4 dams are coming down. This winter, Yurok crews hand planted 8.5 tons of native seeds in the former reservoirs. Now, an array of locally adapted wildflowers & grasses cover much of the clay soil. pic.twitter.com/WidDSihHxV
On July 5 2024, a court in Quito, Ecuador ruled that the Machรกngara River, which runs through the city, is a subject of rights. The Machรกngara River case was filed as a Protection Action by the Kitu Karu Indigenous people to address the serious pollution of the river. The fundamental rights that have been affected by this situation include the rights of nature, the right to water, a healthy environment, sanitation and health, as well as the right to the city. The court recognized that since the river is alive, it is subject to rights under the Constitution of Ecuador, which establishes that nature possesses a right to protection, promotion, and restoration. The Constitutional Court of Ecuador previously recognized that rivers are protected under Chapter 7 of the Constitution in 2022.
The judge determined that the Municipality of Quito had breeched the rights of the Machรกngara River by failing to treat 98% of wastewater that runs into the river from the municipality. As a result of this decision, the judge ordered the implementation of a decontamination plan, following the precedents established by the Monjas River ruling in the north of the city. This plan must include specific measures to reduce the levels of contamination, in addition to considering alternative and sustainable solutions for water treatment. The Municipality of Quito will have to manage the available resources and request financial support from the central government to expand these projects. This ruling must be complied with immediately and the municipality must start implementing the necessary measures for the decontamination of the Machรกngara River without delay.
The municipality filed an appeal against this decision and the litigation will continue in the Provincial Court of Justice.
Aerial image of entrenched meanders of the San Juan River within Goosenecks State Park. Located in San Juan County, southeastern Utah (U.S.). Credits Constructed from county topographic map DRG mosaic for San Juan County from USDA/NRCS – National Cartography & Geospatial Center using Global Mapper 12.0 and Adobe Illustrator. Latitude 33ยฐ 31′ 49.52″ N., Longitude 111ยฐ 37′ 48.02″ W. USDA/FSA, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
From email from Reclamation (Susan Novak Behery):
July 15, 2024
Due to falling flows in the critical habitat reach, the Bureau of Reclamation has scheduled an increase in the release from Navajo Dam from 600 cubic feet per second (cfs) to 700 cfs for Wednesday, July 17th, at 4:00 AM.
Releases are made for the authorized purposes of the Navajo Unit, and to attempt to maintain a target base flow through the endangered fish critical habitat reach of the San Juan River (Farmington to Lake Powell). The San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program recommends a target base flow of between 500 cfs and 1,000 cfs through the critical habitat area. The target base flow is calculated as the weekly average of gaged flows throughout the critical habitat area from Farmington to Lake Powell.
Click the link to read the article on The Denver Post website (Lauren Penington). Here’s an excerpt:
Rocky Mountain Lake โ located at 3301 West 46th Avenue in Denver โ closed Thursday after recent testing found toxic levels of algae around the shoreline, theย Denver Department of Public Health and Environment said in a statementย on social media…Recent routine testing at Lake Arbor in Arvada also revealed blue-green algae was approaching toxic levels, forcing the city to close the lake indefinitely Thursday,ย Arvada officials said in a news release…
Theย number of algae blooms will increase as Coloradoโs climate becomes warmer, according to previous reporting. The blue-green algae found in the lakes are naturally occurring and an important part of the ecosystem, but the blooms can produce toxins if they grow big enough. Harmful algae looks like thick pea soup or spilled paint with a green, red, gold or turquoise color. They also often have foam or scum.
Toxic-algae blooms appeared in Steamboat Lake summer of 2020. The lake shut down for two weeks after harmful levels of a toxin produced by the blue-green algae were found in the water. As climate change continues, toxic blooms and summer shutdowns of lakes are predicted to become more common. Photo credit: Julie Arington/Aspen Journalism
Precipitation conditions ranged from much-below to much-above normal for the region in June. The Four Corners region experienced 400-800% of normal June precipitation while other areas of the region experienced record-dry conditions. Temperatures were above to much-above normal throughout the region in June. Snowpack completely melted out in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming by June 23. Most regional streamflow gauges recorded normal to above normal flows. Drought conditions improved in Colorado but worsened in Wyoming. The NOAA seasonal outlook for July-September suggests an increased probability of below normal precipitation and above normal temperatures for the entire region.
The region experienced mixed conditions in June. 200-400% of average precipitation fell throughout southwestern Colorado and much of southeastern Utah, with 400-800% of normal precipitation in the Four Corners region and south-central Colorado. Large portions of the region experienced much-below average precipitation, with less than 2% of average precipitation west of the Great Salt Lake, in southwestern Utah, and in a small pocket in southwestern Wyoming. Record-dry conditions occurred in northern and eastern Wyoming, southwestern Utah, and east of Denver. Boulder experienced its driest June in exactly 100 years.
The majority of the region experienced above to much-above normal temperatures. Temperatures of 6-8ยฐF above normal occurred in many pockets throughout the region including eastern Colorado, southern Wyoming, and particularly in northern and southwestern Utah. Temperatures of 8-10ยฐF above normal occurred in northwestern and southeastern Wyoming. Record-warm temperatures occurred throughout the region, particularly in southern Utah.
Regional streamflow conditions were near average, with above average streamflow at many sites in northern Colorado and northern Utah. Much-above average streamflow occurred at one site near Logan, Utah and at many sites in northern Colorado along the Front Range and in the Central Mountains, from Larimer County down to Chaffee County.
Regional drought conditions worsened during June and now cover 9% of the region, compared to 8% at the end of May. Moderate (D1) drought expanded in eastern Wyoming and emerged in northern Colorado including the Denver Metro area, with severe (D2) drought emerging in Laramie County in southeastern Wyoming. D2 drought was removed from Prowers and Baca Counties in southeastern Colorado.
West Drought Monitor map July 9, 2024.
ENSO-neutral conditions continue in the Pacific Ocean. However, as ocean temperatures continue to cool, there is a 50% probability of La Niรฑa conditions existing during September-November. The NOAA monthly outlook suggests an increased probability of below normal precipitation for northern Utah, eastern Colorado, and all of Wyoming, and an increased probability of above normal temperatures for the entire region, with a 70-80% chance of above normal temperatures for western and central Colorado, southwestern Wyoming, and all of Utah. The NOAA seasonal outlook for July-September suggests an increased probability of below normal precipitation, with a 50-60% chance of below normal precipitation in the Four Corners region, and it suggests an increased probability of above normal temperatures, with a 70-80% chance of above normal temperatures in the Four Corners region and the majority of eastern Utah.
Significant weather event:ย Flash flooding in Moab. On June 21, 2024, Moab experienced severe flash flooding due to a violent storm that drenched the region in over an inch of rain in just 15 minutes. Major roads, including Highway 191 and city streets such as 500 West, were temporarily closed due to flooding and downed power lines. Water overflowed banks and bridges and people were evacuated by authorities at places in town as a precaution to the flash flooding. In a conversation with the Moab Sun, Grand County Emergency Management Director, Cora Phillips, said she was encouraged by improvements in flood alarm systems from the historic flooding in August 2022, but that more work needs to be done. According to Moab City Manager, David Everitt, this flash flood could leave years of repair work, as he says the city is still doing repairs from the aforementioned floods in 2022.
Milky Way Arches National Park October 2013 via the National Park Service
Click the link to read the article on the NOAA website:
July 12, 2024
Highlights:
Temperatures were above average over much of the globe with Africa, Asia and South America having their warmest June on record.ย
Sea surface temperatures were record warm for the 15th consecutive month.
Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent and global sea ice extent were both below average.
ย Global tropical cyclone activity was below average, with only two named storms.ย
Temperature
Surface Temperature Departure from the 1991โ2020 Average for June 2024 (ยฐC). Red indicates warmer than average and blue indicates colder than average. Credit: NOAA
The June global surface temperature was 2.20ยฐF (1.22ยฐC) above the 20th-century average of 59.9ยฐF (15.5ยฐC), making it the warmest June on record and the 13th consecutive month of record-high global temperatures. According to NCEIโs Global Annual Temperature Outlook, there is almost a 60% chance that 2024 will rank as the warmest year on record and a 100% chance that it will rank in the top five.
June temperatures were above average across most of the global land surface except for western Canada, most of Greenland, southern South America, northwestern Russia, eastern Asia, eastern Australia and much of eastern Antarctica. Africa, Asia and South America each had their warmest June on record while Europe had its second warmest. Sea surface temperatures were above average over most areas, while parts of the tropical eastern Pacific and southeastern Pacific were below average. The global oceans have been record warm since April 2023.
Temperatures in the mid-troposphere (approximately 2โ6 miles above the Earthโs surface) were record warm in June, according to satellite data from NESDIS. Each of the past 12 months set global records for the mid-troposphere.
The year-to-date (JanuaryโJune) global surface temperature was 2.32ยฐF (1.29ยฐC) above the 20th-century average, making it the warmest such period on record. South America, Europe and Africa each had their warmest year-to-date period, whereas North America was second warmest.
Snow Cover
Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June was the 12th smallest on record. Both Eurasia and North America were below average (by 310,000 and 290,000 square miles, respectively). In general, snow cover was below average over most areas except for parts of western Siberia and small parts of China, Pakistan and far-western Canada, which were above-average.
Sea Ice
Global sea ice extent was the second smallest in the 46-year record at 8.75 million square miles, which was 810,000 square miles below the 1991โ2020 average. Arctic sea ice extent was below average (by 150,000 square miles), and Antarctic sea ice extent was also below average (by 660,000 square miles), ranking second lowest on record.
Tropical Cyclones
Two named storms occurred across the globe in June, which was below the 1991โ2020 average. Both storms formed in the Atlantic Basin. The first was Tropical Storm Alberto, which made landfall in northern Mexico. The second was Hurricane Beryl, which ultimately became a Category 5 storm that caused extensive and severe damage across the Windward Islands. Beryl was the earliest Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on record.
In his book โRifle In Hand: How Wild America Was Saved,โ renowned hunter-conservationist Jim Posewitz wrote, โIn 1776 freedom and equality were radical thoughts. It took a Declaration of Independence, a Revolutionary War, a United States Constitution, and a Bill of Rights to validate these ideas and launch the American aspirations.โ
However, a recent Supreme Court decision granting U.S. presidents immunity for any โofficial actsโ has upended these aspirations. For an example of what may follow see the June 2024 op-ed in the Washington Examiner, โSolve the housing crisis by selling government land,โ written by William Perry Pendley.
Pendley led the Bureau of Land Management for former President Donald Trump.
Pendley is an anti-public lands zealot and a dire threat to our great public lands hunting and angling heritage. To prove the point, in a July 2020 Vail Daily op-ed I wrote: โIn July 2019, Interior Secretary Bernhardt signed an order naming Pendley โ a lawyer with a long history of opposition to public lands โ acting director of the Bureau of Land Management.โ
I added, โDuring his three-plus years in the White House, Donald Trump has orchestrated the largest reduction of protected public lands in U.S. history, according to a study published in Science, an academic journal โฆ The Trump administration has worked to weaken safeguards for nearly 35 million acres โ nearly 1,000 times more than the administration has protected.โ
โIn addition, the Trump administration has attempted to roll back nearly 100 environmental rules,โ I explained. โAmericaโs greatest hunter-conservationist, Theodore Roosevelt, encountered extremists like Donald Trump and William Perry Pendley during his day too. โThis country has nothing to fear from the crooked man who fails. We put him in jail. It is the crooked man who succeeds who is a threat to this country,โ Roosevelt said.โ
Unfortunately, since the Supreme Court ruled that Trump cannot be prosecuted for anything a presidentโs lawyer might spin as an โofficial act,โ the chances of him ever seeing the inside of a jail cell is slim to none, and you can bet he will double down on his efforts to dispose of our public lands should he regain the presidency.
If anyone has any doubts that American law is now just politics (i.e., the Supreme Court is captured), consider that nowhere in the Constitution is it ever suggested that the holder of the highest office may have free rein to break the law.
In fact, it explicitly states that public officials may be subject to โindictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.โ This nation was founded on the principle that there are no kings in America, but Trumpโs Supreme Court has paved the way for him to be one, if we let him.
A June 2024 Accountable.US press release documents Pendleyโs plans to dispose of our public lands estate: โControversial former Trump administration official and author of Project 2025โs section on the Department of the Interior William Perry Pendley is calling for a massive sell-off of lands owned by all American taxpayers.โ
In โBeyond Fair Chase,โ Jim Posewitz wrote: โThe natural world sustains us with clean air, unpolluted water, recreation, and natural resources. If we destroy nature, we destroy ourselves.โ If youโre a hunter, angler, hiker, climber, mountain biker or anyone who recreates on or values our great public lands estate, beware.
Pendley and Project 2025 are coming for our public lands, and democracy, if โWe The Peopleโ let them. In the words of Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, โWith fear for our democracy, I dissent.โ
Save The Poudre is suing the city of Thornton and the Larimer County commissioners. The lawsuit, filed in Larimer County District Court, specifically names Commissioners John Kefalas, Jody Shadduck-McNally and Kristin Stephens. It asks the court to find that the board exceeded its jurisdiction and/or abused its discretion in granting permission for a 10-mile water pipeline that would convey Poudre River water to Thornton…
The lawsuit said Save The Poudre was denied due process rights because it and members of the public weren’t allowed to combine public comments into an extended group presentation exceeding three minutes, while the commissioners placed no time limits on Thorntonโs presentations, “which lasted hours and allowed for group presentations.” It said the board erred in not requiring Thornton to present an alternative that would use the Poudre River itself to convey the water and not requiring presentations outlining alternative water diversion locations.
The lawsuit also cited several sections of the county’s land use code that it believes Thornton’s application did not meet. Save The Poudre alleges the project:
does not have “benefits, in terms of physical improvements, enhanced services, or environmental impacts, of the proposed projectโ that โoutweigh the losses of any natural resources or reduction of productivity of agricultural lands.”
does not, โto the greatest extent possible,” mitigate impacts to the environment and natural resources.
will โexacerbate or worsen climate change.”
does not โmitigate impacts on rivers, streams and wetlands to the greatest extent possible.”
โwill have a significant impact on natural resources of statewide importance.โ
does not significantly mitigate and will have significantly adverse impacts on water quality and quantity in the Poudre River.
does not โimplement the vision and policies of the Larimer County Comprehensive Plan.โ
does not โregulate development in a manner consistent with legitimate environmental concerns.”
does not โreflect principles of resource stewardship and conservation.”
The lawsuit also states the board exceeded its jurisdiction and/or abused its discretion by not requiring “complete co-location of the Northern Integrated Supply Project (NISP) pipeline, a separate project also set to run through Larimer County. And it says the board was wrong in its finding that water diversion and water right are beyond the scope of the 1041 review.
In 1953, the Anaconda Minerals Company leased nearly 8,000 acres of land in central New Mexico from the Pueblo of Laguna to mine uranium for nuclear weapons. The company gouged and blasted away at the earth, constructing the three massive holes known as the Jackpile-Paguate Mine.ย
The Jackpile-Paguate became the worldโs largest open-pit uranium mine, producing some 24 million tons of ore. It employed hundreds of Laguna Pueblo members and transformed the communityโs economy. But mining companies and regulators gave little thought to the safety of miners and nearby residents. Miners were exposed to radioactive and toxic heavy metals daily, even spending their lunch breaks sitting on piles of radioactive ore. Blasting sent tremors through the puebloโs adobe homes, and a cloud of poisonous dust drifted into the village of Paguate, just 2,000 feet from the mine, coating fruit trees, gardens, corn and meat that was set out to dry.
In 1982, uranium prices plummeted, and Atlantic Richfield, Anacondaโs successor, shut up shop, conducted a cursory reclamation and walked away.
Aerial view of Laguna Pueblo, Rio San Jose, and Interstate 40 in New Mexico. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.
But the pollution didnโt end when the Jackpile closed. A toxic plume continued to spread through groundwater aquifers, and the Rio Paguate, a Rio Grande tributary, remains contaminated more than a decade after the facility became a Superfund site, despite millions of dollars in cleanup work. And Laguna residents and former mine workers still suffer lingering health problems โ cancer, respiratory illnesses and kidney disease โ from the mine and its pollution.
There are at least 250,000 abandoned mining โfeatures,โ including at least 4,000 involving uranium, scattered across the Western U.S. โ mines, waste piles, prospect holes and other infrastructure. Some are harmless and invisible to the untrained eye. Others continue to threaten the environment, people and wildlife, even after millions of dollars have been spent attempting to clean them up. Mining is hard โ but healing the earth and the health of the communities affected by it is immeasurably harder.ย [ed. emphasis mine]
Data visualization by Jennifer Di-Majo/High Country News
Data visualization by Jennifer Di-Majo/High Country News
Data visualization by Jennifer Di-Majo/High Country News
โถ The Iron Mountain Mine operated from the 1870s until it was abandoned in the 1960s. It was listed as a Superfund site in the 1980s and cleanup continues, including round-the-clock treatment of draining, heavily contaminated water so acidic it can devour a metal shovel blade in less than 24 hours.
โท Cold War-era uranium mining companies left behind more than 100 waste piles contaminated with radium and heavy metals in and around the Navajo Nation community of Cove. This March, some 50 years after mining ended, it was designated as the Lukachukai Mountains Mining District Superfund site.
โธ The Formosa Mine โ shuttered and abandoned in the early 1990s โ discharges millions of gallons of acid mine drainage into the Umpqua River each year. It was designated a Superfund site in 2007, and cleanup efforts received additional Infrastructure Act funding in 2021.
โน Mining ended and groundwater pumps shut down at theย Berkeley Pitย in the early 1980s, allowing the massive hole to fill with acidic, heavy metal-laden water. More than 3,000 snow geese died in 2016 after landing on the Berkeley โlake,โ which is part of the Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund site.
โบ The Bonita Peak Mining District Superfund site โ nearly 50 abandoned mines and related features โ was designated following the 2015 Gold King Mine blowout, when some 3 million gallons of acid mine drainage spewed into the Animas River drainage.
โป Mining occurred at the Questa Molybdenum Mine from 1920 until 2014, contaminating soil, surface- and groundwater. A water treatment plant operates in perpetuity to keep contaminants from streams at a cost of more than $5 million annually.
โผ Thousands of uranium mines were abandoned after the Cold War in the Lisbon Valley, White Canyon, and Uravan Mineral Belt in Utah and Colorado. (The USGS labels many of this areaโs uranium sites as โunknown.โ)
Data visualization by Jennifer Di-Majo/High Country News
Hardrock mining introduces oxygen and water to sulfide-bearing rocks, and the resulting reaction forms sulfuric acid. The now-acidic water dissolves and picks up naturally occurring metals such as zinc, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury and even uranium, ultimately depositing these harmful minerals in streams or lakes long after mining ceases. Acid mine drainage is miningโs most insidious, pervasive and persistent environmental hazard.
Data visualization by Jennifer Di-Majo/High Country News
SOURCES: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Government Accountability Office, Congressional Research Service, University of New Mexico Native American Budget & Policy Institute, Mining and Environmental Health Disparities in Native American Communities, by Johnnye Lewis et al.
A double rainbow arches over the Painted Wall in Black Canyon at Gunnison National Park.
Photo Credit: Dave Showalter
From email from Reclamation (Erik Knight):
Releases from the Aspinall Unit will be increased from 1900 cfs to 2200 cfs by Friday, July 12th. Releases are being increased in response to declining river flows on the lower Gunnison River.
Flows in the lower Gunnison River are currently below the baseflow target of 1500 cfs. River flows are expected to remain low into next week.
Pursuant to the Aspinall Unit Operations Record of Decision (ROD), the baseflow target in the lower Gunnison River, as measured at the Whitewater gage, is 1500 cfs for July and then drops to 1050 cfs in August.
Currently, Gunnison Tunnel diversions are 1050 cfs and flows in the Gunnison River through the Black Canyon are around 950 cfs. After this release change Gunnison Tunnel diversions will still be 1050 cfs and flows in the Gunnison River through the Black Canyon will be nearing 1200 cfs. Current flow information is obtained from provisional data that may undergo revision subsequent to review.
Craig station. Photo credit: Allen Best/Big Pivots
Click the link to read the article on the Big Pivots website (Allen Best):
July 9, 2024
Colorado legislators said coal communities should be helped in the energy transition. This agreement with Craig and Moffat County provides a picture of what that looks like in practice.
No other place in Colorado may be so dependent upon one company, one industry, as Craig and Moffat County.
Snow matters greatly to Aspen and Vail and the other ski towns who are linked at the hip, sometimes uncomfortably, with the big ski companies who sell the thrill of sliding downhill. But summer tourism, less dependent on uphill conveyance, has been coming on for decades. In Crested Butte, summer surpassed winter in the 1990s. Second-home development itself is a major economic sector, skiing just one of the amenities. Sales tax figures between a good snow year and a bad year vary relatively little.
In Craig, the mining and burning of coal has delivered the community a paycheck for nearly a half-century. The coal plant and the two primary coal mines that deliver fuel to the plant generate 43% of the total property taxes paid to Moffat County and various school, fire, and other districts this year. The 437 jobs in this smaller community that are being lost are, according to one analysis, the equivalent of 141,000 jobs in metropolitan Denver-Aurora.
Now, with the last coal-burning units to close down by 2028, a settlement agreement has been reached that some call a landmark. Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association, the operator and primary owner of the three coal-burning units at Craig Generation Station and Colowyo, one of the two coal mines that supply it, has agreed to pay the local community up to $73 million in payments beginning in 2026.
In addition, Tri-State has also agreed to give Moffat County augmentation water rights with a value estimated by Moffat County at $2 million to $3 million.
This agreement has been submitted to the Colorado Public Utilities Commission which can amend it, even reject it. If the past is precedent, the PUC commissioners are likely to approve it with little change.
Local officials involved in the negotiating say that it wonโt make their community economically whole, but it will help them as they try to figure out how to rebuild their economy. One hope is that a revitalized rail service authorized by state legislators this year from Denver to Craig may interest manufacturers or create a stronger, safer connection to the Steamboat resort economy. Others have suggested that expanding tourism amenities can soften the departure of coal; others stoutly reject the idea of becoming โsheet changers.โ
The Tri-State settlement agreement also applies to the broader electric resource plan being reviewed by the PUC. It has several major provisions:
Addition of 940 megawatts of renewable generation and 310 megawatts of battery storage to its generating capacity in its territory.
Retirement of Craig Unit 3, previously scheduled for 2030, by Jan. 1, 2028.
Solicitation of 290 megawatts of dispatchable combined-cycle gas plant, with first preference in Moffat County but somewhere in western Colorado or southwestern Wyoming if the bids for a Craig-area plant arenโt competitive.
Retirement of a coal-burning unit in eastern Arizona called Springerville 3 that was commissioned in 2006. That unit is to be closed by September 15, 2031, leaving Tri-State with ownership in just one coal-burning unit at the Laramie River Station in Wyoming.
Tri-State expects to achieve an 89% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 as compared to 2005 levels.
Important in Tri-Stateโs pivot from coal in Colorado and Arizona is whether Tri-State gets federal aid. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 carved out $9.7 billion to assist electrical providers in rural America with stranded assets. Individual G&Ts can apply for up to 10% of the total amount in the New ERA program. That means that Tri-State may have applied for up to $970 million. Tri-State has not disclosed publicly how much it has applied for. The agreement, however, is not dependent upon whether Tri-State gets federal money. It will be needed, though, given the existing debt on the coal infrastructure.
Matt Gearhart, an attorney representing the Sierra Club in the proceeding, noted the importance of the New ERA funding in allowing utilities to think about retiring even relatively new coal-fired plants. Springerville came on line in 2006.
He also noted that the major natural gas plant in Craig is not a given. Whether that makes sense beyond providing local tax base and jobs is a discussion for a later day…
The settlement agreement can be found in the PUC files; itโs proceeding number 23A-0585E.
The three units of Craig Station were constructed from 1974 to 1984. Photo credit: Allen Best/Big Pivots
Coal is abundant in northwest Colorado. Thatโs why Public Service Co., now a subsidiary of Xcel Energy, in the 1960s built a coal plant near Hayden, 15 miles to the east of Craig and far distant from most of the utilityโs consumers in metro Denver and elsewhere in the state.
Construction of the coal-burning units at Craig were started in 1974, a time when demand for electricity was soaring and utilities had learned how to build ever-bigger coal plants. Coal-plant construction was also induced by the expectation that oil shale in the nearby Piceance Basin would drive demand for greater amounts of electricity. That demand did not materialize, and in the late 1980s the utility, Colorado Ute, was forced into bankruptcy. Tri-State and other utilities picked up the pieces.
Tri-State owns the third unit outright but is a minority owner in the first two units. Other owners are Arizona-based Salt River Project (29%), the Oregon-based PacifiCorp (19.28%), Fort Collins-based Platte River Power Authority (18%), and Public Service Co., a.k.a. Xcel Energy (9.2%).
In 1979, during the construction years, I was in Craig briefly to work on local newspapers but returned rarely until 2015.
New EPA regulations governing pollutants had dampened the prospects of coal. WildEarth Guardians had launched an anti-coal campaign. Among its supporters was New Belgium, the brewery in Fort Collins.
I arrived on a September Sunday to conduct interviews. Later, out of curiosity, I wandered into a liquor store just before a Denver Broncos game. Beer was moving by the case, but none were Fat Tire or other New Belgium brews. They had become brews non grata in Craig, a place where coal was akin to religion.
In September 2015, Craig was feeling under siege as enforcement of federal regulations began drawing a smaller circle around emissions from the three coal-fired electrical generating units. Photo/Allen Best
But while locals virtuously posted signs that said โCoal: It Keeps Our Lights On,โ renewables were increasingly doing so, too, and with rapidly declining prices.
In April 2018, Tri-State brought on board a new chief executive, Duane Highley, with a clear mission to begin the pivot. In January 2020, in a ceremony at the Colorado Capitol, Highley announced that Tri-State planned to shut down the last of the coal units at Craig by 2030.
If the writing had been on the wall, there was still disbelief among many. That was evident in a March 2020 session at the high school in Craig. Anger was evident in remarks made to state representatives, but the more common thread was disbelief. What would replace the jobs, the tax base? And why was this necessary?
Among those listening that night and in a session the following day at Northwest Colorado Community College was Wade Buchanan. That week he had started as the first administrator of Coloradoโs new Office of Just Transition. The department had been created by state legislators the previous spring. At that time, he had no staff and not much budget.
While adopting sweeping legislation to accelerate Coloradoโs response to climate change, state legislators in 2019 had made it clear that coal-dependent communities were to be given a helping hand as Colorado made the necessary pivot from coal because of the climate and health impacts of burning coal.
The just transition law,ย HB19-13140,ย said this: โColorado must ensure that the clean energy economy fulfills a moral commitment to assist the workers and communities that have powered Colorado for generations, as well as the disproportionately impacted communities who have borne the costs of coal power pollution for decades, and to thereby support a just and inclusive transition.โ
What exactly that means in practice for Craig, though, was not spelled out. Other legislation more precisely laid out the expectations of Xcel Energy for its remaining coal communities. Legislators clearly thought that Xcel Energy, the stateโs largest utility, and its customers needed to help out the Pueblo and Hayden communities, where coal plants will be retired, and at Brush, where the coal plant will be converted to burn natural gas.
Tri-State, if the stateโs second largest electrical generator, has a different business model. Itโs an electrical cooperative that was formed by its member cooperatives to deliver power. It has no overt profit motive.
Coal for the Craig units comes principally from two coal mines in Moffat County. Photo credit: Allen Best/Big Pivots
Tri-State insisted, even days prior to the settlement agreement, that it was not required by state law to submit a community assistance plan or a workforce transition plan. It further pointed out that, unlike Xcel Energy, its member cooperatives โserve some of the most economically disadvantaged rural consumers in the West, many of whom reside outside of Colorado.โ Indeed, Tri-State has members in four states, including Arizona, Wyoming and Nebraska.
However, even in 2022, Tri-State had agreed in a prior settlement to participate in planning that would provide community assistance.
Discussions about what that would look like became more vigorously discussed in monthly meetings facilitated by the Great Plains Institute that were held in Craig beginning in June 2023.
Tri-Stateโs first proposal was for community improvement projects, such as a new swimming pool.
Craig Mayor Craig Nichols says that after considering the offer, the local leaders quickly decided that wasnโt the best option.
โOnce they closed the local plants and were gone, how would we continue to pay for those things?โ says Nichols. โSo we switched our No. 1 priority to the payments into a perpetual trust for the community.โ
Joseph Pereira, the deputy director of the Office of Utility Consumer Advocate, the state agency charged with looking after the interests of consumers in utility matters, entered key arguments.
โThis is an issue of fundamental fairness,โ said Pereira in a May filing. โIt would be fundamentally unfair to treat coal communities differently dependent upon what type of utility (investor owned or cooperative) generated energy. Moreover, it is difficult to conceive the intent of the legislature was to ensure a community like Pueblo, served by PSCo (Xcel), should be provided community assistance, but Craig is left to fend for itself.โ
Buchanan, in his filing on behalf of the Office of Just Transition, painted a dark picture.
โCraig and Moffat County face a near-existential threat by the end of this decade. When a handful of entities that generate 43% of the property taxes in a community go out of business at the same time, it signals the potential for a broad, deep, and long-lasting โ perhaps even permanent โ decline in economic activity and opportunities from which no community can quickly or easily recover.โ
Jennifer Holloway, the executive director of the Craig & Moffat County Chamber of Commerce, points to a memorial at the one-time mining coal mining camp of Mt. Harris where her grandfather lost his life in 1942. Mt. Harris lies about 25 miles east of Craig. Mining no longer occurs there. Photo credit: Allen Best/Big Pivots
In his testimony, Buchanan compared Craig and Moffat County with other places in Colorado. The property tax hit is probably twice that of local jurisdictions where the Comanche and Pawnee coal plants are located in Pueblo and Morgan counties, and 2.9 times that of the coal plant at Hayden, in Routt County.
The job loss was also outsized compared to the other locations: 5.1 times the percentage loss in nearby Routt County, 16.8 times the expected percentage loss in Morgan County and 33.7 times the expected percentage loss in Pueblo County.
โThose three will also warrant sizable community and worker assistance commitments by Xcel Energy, the primary owner and operator of the coal plants,โ Buchanan said in his testimony. โBut none of the impacts in these counties will come close to those faced by Moffat County.โ
Since it created the Office of Just Transition with a skimpy budget, legislators have allocated $35 million to the office and its efforts. Buchanan estimated that more than $17 million of that money will be awarded to Yampa Valley communities, mostly in Craig and Moffat County, in grants or to assist in what are called pre-closure strategies for potentially dislocated workers and their families. Somebody with the very unusual job description of โtransition navigatorโ has been hired to help workers figure out their futures.
One grant of $40,000 went to Moffat County and Craig to develop infrastructure in the Yampa River to attract outdoor-based tourism.
Another $150,000 was given Moffat County to fund a socio-economic study to assess the impacts of a proposed pumped-storage hydro power project that could create 300 construction jobs and 30 high-paying permanent jobs โ and also generate property tax.
Still another grant of $50,000 was given to help Moffat County retain independent legal counsel. In PUC proceedings, Denver and Boulder routinely enter filings in cases they deem important to their interests. Pueblo does, too. But this was something of foreign terrain for the northwest Colorado communities.
The settlement โis a big deal,โ said Buchanan when I talked with him after the settlement agreement had been filed. He identified what he saw as several key elements.
One, he and his staff found their footing. โWe realized that from the stateโs perspective, that if we were going to do our job, we first and foremost had to be an effective partner with the affected communities. No coming and telling them what to do or how to do it or that we had the answers for the challenges they were facing,โ he said.
The message was that โwe are here to stand with you in this transition.โ
Thatโs why the money was allocated for an outside attorney, to give the local communities an opportunity to have a voice.
The Office of Just Transition plans to make the same offer for Hayden and Routt County, he said.
Part of it was the stakeholder process facilitated by the Great Plains Institute.
A second key element was that Tri-State, despite its legal protestations of exemption from requirements, decided to step up. โThe commitment they made in that settlement agreement is pretty significant.โ It will โgreatly empower the communities to have the resources to drive their own transition in the future.โ
Third is that these communities have evolved in their thinking. The transition remains a huge challenge, and for the most part, โthey donโt like the ideaโ of making this change. But they have โresolved to do what they can to take control of the transition they are a part of. Thatโs a very important thing.โ
In summary, โwe found our footing about how to do our work, Tri-State stepped up to the plate, and Craig and Moffat County found their voice in the process.โ
Buchanan recommended that the PUC require Tri-State to provide $118 million in community assistance. How should the settlement of $73 million be seen? One individual involved in the case, talking only for background, said that it reflects the normal negotiating process. You ask for high and accept something less.
Nichols, the mayor of the city of 9,000 people, praised Tri-State for doing โmore than they had to do. They had to do nothing. It really set the bar for future transitions.โ
โThis shows what the actual cost of decarbonization looks like,โ he added.
Randy Looper, now a city council member, at the Elk Run Inn that he operated in 2020. Photo credit: Allen Best/Big Pivots
Randy Looper, a city council member and retired hotelier, said he doesnโt expect overnight transformation but he expects Craig can achieve a more diversified economy.
Looper especially likes the structure of the aid. Moffat County and Craig are to get $22 million in direct payments from 2026 to 2029. The money is to be used at their discretion.
From 2028 to 2038, Tri-State has agreed to provide up to $48 million more. But the agreement also specifies that this can be reduced if Tri-State reinvests in Craig and Moffat County. If Tri-State builds a natural gas plant that pays $2 million in property taxes, that can be deducted from the $7 million that Tri-State would ordinarily pay the city and county.
โThey have incentive to build new things in Moffat County,โ Looper said. โItโs a win-win for Craig and Moffat County.โ
I met Looper maybe 10 years ago on a visit to Craig. He himself had left a job in banking in downtown Denver many years before, first to run a motel in Iowa until, becoming weary of the muggy summers, relocated to Craig. The older motel that they operated in Craig was wonderfully esoteric. His wife had advised wildlife themes for each room, and this went far beyond hanging photos or other art. Even toilet fixtures managed to have that unitโs theme. I stayed in the sheep, elk, and antelope roomsโ and many more โ but not the rattlesnake room. I wouldnโt have slept well.
In March 2020 I was there for the mildly stormy meeting at the high school. Two days later, Gov. Jared Polis arrived in Craig and toured a boating store. It was just Polis and the two store owners โ and me. That afternoon, he was at the Hayden Town Hall to hear testimony. Sometime that afternoon, word was sent out that Colorado had its first confirmed case of Covid-19.
That summer, instead of sinking real estate prices, Craigโs market actually gained. People were ready to leave behind the cities, whether in Colorado or Utah or wherever, for more rural living, if they could. Today, Craig hasnโt gained population, but neither has it lost any, said Looper. That has occurred even as the employment at the coal plant has dropped significantly, from about 300 to about 110.
Colorado Gov. Jared Polis stopped by a store in Craig devoted to boating gear prior to a meeting about coal closures in early March 2020. Photo credit: Allen Best/Big Pivots
The larger question is what exactly does this agreement represent and how may it influence other cases in Colorado? Xcel even now is readying an application for a just transition electric resource plan that will speak to how it can help Pueblo, Hayden, and Morgan County as the coal plants close or, in the case of the latter, get converted to natural gas. The application is due Aug. 1.
No doubt, this settlement agreement will in some way influence the other cases in Colorado. How could it not.? (And to be fair, some of Xcelโs agreements to Pueblo influenced this settlement).
โI donโt want to speculate about how this one will inform other commitments, but Iโm pretty sure it will,โ Buchanan told me.
A still larger question is how do we see this component of just transition in the broader conversation of this energy transition?
The coal communities thought they were doing good, meaningful work โ and work that happened to pay well. Not like the high-tech jobs in Boulder or Denver, but good enough for a solid living. Craig is not a place of extremes in wealth. Itโs solidly working class, middle class. Big pickups, sure, but not enormous houses.
Inevitably, when your job is digging and burning coal, your identity gets tied up in those duties. Then, to be told that what youโre doing is somehow wrong? That would be hard to reconcile.
True, even in the 1950s and 1960s, we had very strong, very firm evidence that putting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere was a very risky endeavor. A book I recently read, โFire Weather: A True Story from a Hotter World,โ makes that even more clear than I had previously understood. But as a society, we had not made that decision.
In the absence of other technologies, electricity generated by combustion of coal made our lives easier.
Now, at least in Colorado, and to a large degree in the United States and the world, we have concluded we must change directions. How, as the legislators put it, do we achieve a just transition, not leaving the coal communities behind?
Buchanan, in his filings and in our conversation, repeatedly emphasized the enormity of change for fossil fuel communities. โThey served our economy well, and now they are being asked to do something that is extraordinarily difficult and potentially quite painful.โ
What Colorado is trying to do is make this transition a little less painful. Pereira, at the Office of Utility Consumer Advocate, emphasized the social contract between energy communities and the broader society.
โIf you create bogeymen out of communities, youโre undercutting the ultimate goal you are trying to achieve. We are not trying to decarbonize for the sake of climate. We are trying to decarbonize for social reasons, so we have a better place to live. If you are not including the social aspect of taking care of the communities, you are undercutting your overall goals.โ
Downtown Craig has freshened up but has lost business to the chain retailers on the cityโs edge. Photo credit: Allen Best/Big Pivots
This particular case was more difficult because there was no defined policy solution in regulations.
โThe Legislature defined what it wanted for investor-owned utilities. This was unique because it required purely novel arguments. So there was new advocacy by our office, these novel arguments, to come to a position that worked for them.โ
To get there required strong community advocacy, which Craig and Moffat County delivered.
The result was a very rare outcome over public policy. It was not a matter of somebody wins, somebody loses. โYou know how rare that is in policy making?โ he said.
How much of this applies to Pueblo? There, an advocacy group aligned with Xcel has made the case that Xcel should build a nuclear power plant to replace the lost jobs and revenue from Comanche Generating Station. That argument is hard to accept divorced from the reality of the current cost of nuclear technology. Weโll see where this lands.
As the mayor of Craig mentioned, there is a cost to the decarbonization. True, renewables are coming in cheaper, but there is a cost. Every utility manager recites โcost and reliabilityโ morning, noon, and night. So what do we make of the cost here? Tri-State will spread its costs among its members, as will Xcel among its customers.
Among the parties to the settlement agreement was a member cooperative based in Holyoke called Highline Electric. Dennis Herman, the general manager, did not speak to the assistance to Craig and Moffat County, but he did testify in a press release that Tri-Stateโs plans will add significant renewable resources while demonstrating how to deliver reliable power to its members, even in extreme events.
Less than 20 years ago I traveled to Holyoke for a story about why the farmers there supported another Tri-State coal plant in Kansas. There, in the land of center pivots, theyโve made a big pivot in their thinking, as has Tri-State altogether and Colorado altogether.
The first landfalling tropical storm of the season came ashore in east Texas and brought significant precipitation to the area and up into the Ozark Plateau. Temperatures were cooler than normal over a large extent of the country from the Rocky Mountains and into the Plains and Midwest where departures from normal temperatures were 3-9 degrees below normal. Excessive heat dominated the West Coast where departures from normal temperatures over much of California were 12-15 degrees above normal. Many records were set, including 120 degrees in Las Vegas, beating the old record by 3 degrees, while Death Valley had 5 consecutive days with high temperatures over 125 degrees topping out at 129 on July 7. Near-normal to slightly above-normal temperatures dominated much of the East and Southeast. Along with the heat, much of the West was dry during the last week. Areas of the Plains recorded well above-normal precipitation with some areas receiving 400-800% of normal precipitation for the week. Spotty rains were common over the Southeast with a very typical summertime pattern of widely scattered thunderstorms accounting for most of the precipitation. The driest areas were from Mississippi and northern Alabama into Tennessee and the Mid-Atlantic. Portions of northern Illinois eastward into Ohio were also dry throughout the week…
Like the Midwest, most of the region recorded precipitation during the week with pockets of heavier rains in Nebraska, Kansas, South Dakota and southeast Colorado. Cooler-than-normal temperatures dominated the region with almost all areas below normal for the week. The greatest departures were in Nebraska, South Dakota and Wyoming with temperatures 6-8 degrees below normal. With much of the region drought free, there were pockets of improvement over Nebraska, western Kansas and southeast Colorado where abnormally dry and moderate drought areas were reduced. Dryness in the Black Hills of South Dakota remained, and some expansion of severe drought took place this week. The driest areas remained in eastern Wyoming and eastern Colorado, where most places did not record much precipitation this week and moderate and severe drought conditions expanded along with more abnormally dry areas…
Colorado Drought Monitor one week change map ending July 9, 2024.
It was a hot and dry week over the region with only some spotty precipitation in areas of California and Idaho and more widespread precipitation over Montana, western Colorado, and New Mexico. Temperatures were above normal over most all the West with only Idaho, Utah, Montana, Colorado and northern New Mexico below normal for temperatures. Abnormally dry conditions were expanded over a large area of northern California, western Nevada, and Oregon as well as in central Idaho. A significant expansion of moderate drought was introduced over much of Oregon where the short-term dryness coupled with the recent heat has worsened conditions in the state. Additional expansions of abnormally dry conditions were over northeast and southwest Utah, eastern Washington and southwest Wyoming. Moderate drought expanded over central Washington while severe drought expanded over northern Idaho. Improvements were made this week in western Montana to the severe drought and the moderate drought in northern New Mexico. Abnormally dry conditions were removed over much of southwest Colorado and portions of northeast Arizona…
Outside of western Oklahoma and north Texas where temperatures were 4-6 degrees below normal, most of the rest of the region was 4-6 degrees above normal for the week. The greatest rains fell over Oklahoma and into portions of central and north Texas. Significant rains were associated with Beryl in east Texas into Louisiana and Arkansas. Those areas that did miss out on rains coupled with the warmer-than-normal temperatures did see drought expand and intensify, mainly over west Texas. Severe and extreme drought expanded over west Texas while all the moderate drought was improved over Arkansas with some additional abnormally dry areas removed. Even with the significant rains in western Oklahoma, only slight improvements were made to the moderate drought and abnormally dry conditions as long-term conditions remained dry in this region…
Looking Ahead
Over the next 5-7 days, some monsoonal precipitation is anticipated over portions of the Southwest, but most of the West overall remains quite dry. The dryness is anticipated to develop over much of the Plains and continuing over much of the Southeast. Coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico and along the eastern seaboard are anticipating the most precipitation, with the greatest amounts from South Carolina into the Mid-Atlantic. The Midwest is anticipated to remain wet with this pattern extending into the Northeast. Temperatures are anticipated to be above normal over most of the country with the greatest departures from normal over the Pacific Northwest and in the Southeast into the Mid-Atlantic. The Southwest into western and southern Texas is anticipated to be cooler than normal, albeit slightly.
The 6-10 day outlooks show that much of the country is anticipated to have above-normal temperatures during the period, with the greatest chances over the northern Rocky Mountains and the Southeast. The highest chances of above-normal precipitation will be over the Four Corners region and along the Rio Grande in Texas as well as over the coastal regions of the Carolinas. The best chances of below-normal precipitation occurring are from the northern Rocky Mountains into the Great Basin and into central California.
US Drought Monitor one week change map ending July 9, 2024.
Rainbow and brown trout are free to move as they please through Eleven Mile Canyon once again, following the removal of an unused dam on the stretch of South Platte River near Lake George. The 1952 Colorado Springs Utilities diversion dam was removed last year as part of a $4.8 million project to unite 45 miles of river. The river and its surrounding ecosystems have already seen significant benefits, particularly for fish who make their home in the clear waters of the mountain canyon.
โWe have photos of fish attempting to jump the dam when it was in place,โ said Charles M. Shobe, a Research Geomorphologist with the Forest Serviceโs Rocky Mountain Research Station. โNow that theyโre able to move upstream, theyโre bringing their biomass upstream which provides a better distribution of nutrients throughout the watershed.โ
[…]
Scientists from the Rocky Mountain Research Station along with members of the South Park Ranger District conducted river sampling on April 25, mapping the bottom of the riverbed to get information on the shape of the river channel, collecting sediment samples to look at the aquatic habitat of the riverbed and bagging insect larvae to get a measure on whoโs there. Measuring in April wasย essential for the team, Shobe explained, as it was after the damโs disassembly but before the river that was diverted through a spillway while the dam was taken down, filled the canyon once again. Another sampling will be taken likely in June and then annually through 2027…
Returning the stretch of the South Platte to its pre-dam state will likely first improve habitat for the little insects that live in the stream bed, which in term will revitalize the whole system as fish feed on the insects, and bigger animals like eagles feed on the fish. While the research is still in the works, Shobe said theyโve observed anecdotally a change in the former pond area from finer sediment like mud and sand to coarser, larger sediments like gravel which will be a positive change for the aquatic organisms that swim in the stream as they tend to not do as well in a muddier environment. The buildup of sediment is a unique aspect of the Eleven Mile Canyon dam removal project as unlike other dams where removal of the river obstruction has flushed a wave of collectedย sediment downstream, a lot of the sediment was able to be dug out from behind the dam before removal. For that reason, downstream impacts arenโt expected, and the scope of the ongoing research will only include a couple 200 feet downstream of the former dam.
The traditional homelands of the Navajo (Dinรฉ) are marked by four sacred mountains that stretch across modern-day Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Credit: Native Knowledge 360ยบ
A bipartisan coalition of Arizonaโs congressional delegation introduced legislation to address one of the longest-running water issues facing three Arizona tribes.
โThis legislation and the settlement it ratifies represent a historic step forward in resolving a decades-long water rights dispute, providing certainty and stability for the Navajo Nation, Hopi Tribe, and the San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe,โ Democratic U.S. Sen. Mark Kelly said in a written statement.
Kelly and Kyrsten Sinema, an independent, introduced the act in the U.S. Senate on July 8. Identical legislation was also introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, where it is cosponsored by Reps. Juan Ciscomani (R-Tucson), Raรบl Grijalva (D-Tucson), Greg Stanton (D-Phoenix) and David Schweikert (R-Scottsdale).
โOur historic bipartisan legislation delivers real, lasting results for the Navajo Nation, Hopi Tribe, and San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe by strengthening water security, creating economic opportunities, and providing certainty and stability so their communities can continue to thrive,โ Sinema said in a press release.
The Northeastern Arizona Indian Water Rights Settlement Agreement will settle the Navajo Nation, the Hopi Tribe, and the San Juan Southern Paiute Tribeโs claims to the main stem of the Colorado River, the Little Colorado River, and relevant groundwater sources in Arizona.
โSecuring water rights for these tribes upholds their sovereignty and lays the path for their growth and prosperity through increased investment in water infrastructure,โ Kelly said. โRatifying this settlement honors our commitment to the tribes and helps secure our stateโs water future, and weโll work together as Republicans and Democrats to get it done.โ
The bill states that the legislation aims to achieve a fair, equitable and final settlement of all claims to rights to water in Arizona for the three tribal nations.
In addition to settling the tribesโ ongoing water claims in the Colorado River Basin, it includes billions in funding for essential water development and delivery projects for the tribes.
Ciscomani said in a written statement that the settlement and legislation will provide a โlong-lasting partnershipโ between Arizona and the tribes.
โThis not only gives much-needed certainty to the Tribes but allows Arizona to better plan for a secure water future while providing for improved water infrastructure throughout the region,โ he said.
As part of the settlement, the three tribes would gain access to reliable and safe water for their community through various outlets, including the upper and lower basins of the Colorado River, aquifers, shared washes and water infrastructure development.
โThe Northeastern Arizona Indian Water Rights Settlement Agreement is a monumental achievement and the product of negotiations spanning almost 30 years,โ said Leslie A. Meyers, the associate general manager of water resources for the Salt River Project. โSalt River Project has participated in the negotiations from their inception.โ
Meyers said SRP enthusiastically supports the bills because the settlement provides the three tribes with the desperately needed water supplies and infrastructure to secure their futures.
The water settlement authorizes $5 billion to acquire, build, and maintain essential water development and delivery projects, including a $1.75 billion distribution pipeline.
The three tribes would be guaranteed access to over 56,000 acre-feet of Colorado River water and specific groundwater rights and protections.
Grijalva said that the legislation deserves the full support of Congress because the settlement was the historic culmination of a decades-long effort to bring water to the three tribes.
โAs the climate crisis continues to exacerbate an already devastating multigenerational drought, the federal governmentโs obligation to deliver clean, safe water and water infrastructure to the tribes could not be more pressing,โ he said. โI urge my colleagues to move this legislation to the presidentโs desk quickly.โ
Tribal leaders commend legislation introduction
Leaders from the Navajo Nation, Hopi Tribe and the San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe commended the work of everyone involved in writing the settlement and introducing legislation to Congress.
Tribal councils from all three tribes initially passed bills supporting the water settlement in May. However, Congress must approve the settlement before it can go into law.
โFor decades, our Navajo people have lived without piped water in their homes, with many of our elders hauling water over 30 miles roundtrip,โ Navajo Nation President Buu Nygren said during a press conference on Tuesday. โMore than 30% of the homes on the Navajo Nation lack running water. This is unacceptable.โ
Nygren said that the Navajo people are American people, and no one in America should be denied access to water because of where they live.
โThis settlement ensures that the Navajo people will have rightful access to water, providing certainty for our homelandโs future and an equal opportunity for health and prosperity,โ he added.
If the act passes Congress, the Navajo Nation water infrastructure it would fund will bring substantial clean, safe and reliable drinking water to Navajo communities in Arizona, according to Nygrenโs office. The infrastructure will allow tens of thousands of Navajo people in Arizona to have piped water in their homes for the first time.
โIt is a great opportunity here to claim what is ours as Navajo people,โ Navajo Nation Council Speaker Crystalyne Curley said Tuesday. โWater is essential to every living thing that we possess in the Navajo way.โ
She said this is the first time a tribe is bringing this large of a water settlement to Congress, and she said it is unfortunate that the Navajo Nation is one of the last tribes in Arizona to bring its water settlement to a federal level.
Curley said itโs as if the Navajo Nation is going up to Congress with an empty cup and begging for both what is rightfully theirs and what they deserve.
โWithout this settlement, our communities will remain disproportionately vulnerable to diseases, and development on the Reservation will continue to be restricted by the lack of water infrastructure,โ she said in a press release.
Curley noted how the COVID-19 pandemic hit the Navajo Nation particularly hard due to the tribeโs lack of access to clean water and plumbing.
Through the water settlement, the Navajo Nation would gain access to 44,700 acre-feet per year of the Upper Basin Colorado River Water and 3,600 acre-feet per year of the Lower Basin Colorado River Water.
The Navajo Nation will also lease, exchange, and accrue long-term storage credits for its Arizona water as part of the settlement. The tribe could store Arizona water in two reservoirs in New Mexico and aquifers on the Navajo Navajo for later recovery.
The Navajo Nation would also be able to engage in inter-basin transfer of Colorado River water in Arizona and divert its water from New Mexico and Utah for use in Arizona. [ed. emphasis mine]
Explorer John Wesley Powell and Paiute Chief Tau-Gu looking over the Virgin River in 1873. Photo credit: NPS
The San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe, which spans Arizona and Utah, will not only receive water rights from the settlement but also ratify the treaty and create their reservation boundaries.
โWe are so thankful to Senator Kelly and Senator Sinema for introducing legislation that will not only provide our Tribe with water but will also ratify a treaty negotiated and entered into by the San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe and the Navajo Nation decades ago,โ Robbin Preston Jr., president of the San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe, said in a press release.
โThe Tribe has waited far too long to have an exclusive reservation of its own,โ Preston added. โThe opportunities made available through this legislation will change the lives of our Tribal Members and the trajectory of our Tribe.โ
As part of the settlement, the tribe will gain 5,400 acres of land within the Navajo Nation, which will be proclaimed the San Juan Southern Paiute Reservation. The land will be held in trust by the United States.
Preston said the settlement would provide the San Juan Southern Paiute people with reliable electricity, water, and housing.
โOur people will have opportunities that have never been available to us before,โ he added. โThis legislation is more than a settlement of water rights; it is the establishment of an exclusive reservation for a Tribe that will no longer be forced to live like strangers in our own land.โ
For the Hopi Tribe, the settlement guarantees access to 2,300 acre-feet per year of the Upper Basin Colorado River Water and a little over 5,900 acre-feet per year of the Lower Basin Colorado River Water.
Hopi Chairman Timothy Nuvangyaoma expressed his gratitude to the state, tribes and neighboring communities for working to make the settlement a reality.
โOur collective action means a more secure water future for the Hopi Tribe and all of our neighbors in Northern Arizona,โ Nuvangyaoma said.
As part of the settlement, the Hopi Tribe can lease, exchange, and accrue long-term storage credits for its water, store it in aquifers on Hopi land for later recovery and engage in inter-basin transfer of the Colorado River within Arizona.
Native America in the Colorado River Basin. Credit: USBR
Writing about weather in the climate crisis-era is like navigating an obstacle course littered with critics. One faction chides me if I write about insane rainstorms and flash flooding without attributing them to human-caused climate change; another blasts me for bringing up climate change too often, whether itโs to explain an especially active avalanche cycle or a long-term drought. Even the spate of โbillion-dollar disastersโ in recent years could be blamed on climate change, sure, but also on more development and humanity in the path of those disasters.
Quite often those critics are the voices in my own head. Part of this is due to my hankering to learn the history of a place, particularly southwestern Colorado. Every time thereโs an โunprecedentedโ drought or flood, I can look back into my mental archives and find an example of an equally severe one. There was the huge snow year of 1932, when the Durango-to-Silverton train was blockaded for 90 days straight; the great floods of 1911, 1884, 1927, and 1970, which wreaked havoc along the regionโs streams and rivers; the dismally dry and warm winter of 1878-79 that preceded the Lime Creek Burn; and the grainy 1918 photo of a water-wagon doing dust control on Silvertonโs streets โ in January.
Weather is and always has been wacky, with or without human-caused climate change. So Iโm always careful before saying some meteorological event is โunprecedented.โ
But this heat? Damn. It sure does look unprecedented โ if the temperature alone isnโt shattering records, the duration of the heat waves are.
A better term than climate change is climate heating, because thatโs exactly whatโs happening: The planet is heating up as a result of Industrial (and Information) Age humans spewing oodles of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. And while it may be difficult to find climate changeโs figurative fingerprints on every incidence of severe weather, its coal-smudged paw-prints appear to be all over the longer and more severe spells of extreme heat weโve been perspiring through in recent years. No, every record-breaking high temperature cannot be attributed unequivocally to climate change, but climate change does make these events far more likely to occur.
Last year was the warmest year on our planet since global record-keeping began in 1850, clocking in at 2.12 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the 20th century average of 57ยฐ F. And guess what? This year will likely be even hotter: This June was the hottest June on record, globally, and the 13th consecutive monthly high temperature record. Eeek.
So, when the mercury in Las Vegas tops out at 120 degrees F and shatters the previous record of 117ยฐ F, as occurred last week, I think itโs not a stretch to attribute this specific weather wackiness to the warming climate (with a helping hand from the urban heat island effect, of course). And when this sort of heat stretches across a good portion of the West, follows record-setting, flash-flooding rainfall by a few weeks, and coincides with a hurricane ripping through the Carribean, well, itโs probably safe to assume that itโs all connected, via a warming climate. It is not safe, however, to go outside.
So, with that out of the way, hereโs a rundown of some of the wackiness of late:
Phoenix just endured its hottest June on record, with an average monthly temperature of 97ยฐF, or nearly six degrees above the 1990-2020 normal. So far this summer the daily high temperature has reached 110ยฐ F or warmer on 21 occasions, and 118ยฐ F on two days; the city has received just .02 inches of precipitation since April 2. Maricopa County officials have confirmed heat caused or contributed to 13 deaths so far this year, with another 162 fatalities under investigation. Thatโs significantly more than last year at this time.
Dozens of monthly maximum high temperature records were broken across the West in June and early July, especially along the West Coast, where the mercury was โ and still is โ reaching the triple digits day after day. Oregon officials suspect five deaths in the western part of the state in recent days areย heat-related.ย
A new daily record was set in Death Valley, at 129 F. A motorcyclist touring through the national parkย died of heat exposure.ย
Sixteen locations in the West set monthly precipitationย recordsย in June, including:
Hovenweep National Monument, with 1.05 inches on June 28;
Arches National Park, 1.58โ on June 28;
Panguitch, Utah, 1.50โ on June 26;
Quemazon, New Mexico, 5.50โ on June 21;
Arivaca, Arizona, 2.25โ on June 24;
Ely, Nevada, 1.58โ on June 26;
Mormon Mountain, Arizona, 2.30โ on June 27.ย
Major wildfires are burning across the West. Before I get into the details, do spare a thought for the thousands of people fighting these fires. Not only do the flames and smoke threaten their health and lives, but so does the brutal heat. This is a sampling of some of the new starts (stats as of early a.m. July 9):
Silver King in Piute County, Utah, at 10,026 acres, 0% containment;ย
Deer Springs in Kane County, Utah, (north-northeast of Kanab) at 11,000 acres, 0% containment;ย
Fisher in Socorro County, New Mexico, at 2,500 acres, 1% containment;
Lake in Santa Barbara County, California, at 21,763 acres, 8% containment;ย
Shelly in Siskiyou County, California, at 4,203 acres, 0% containment (this one is likely to burn a โcarbon offsetโ forest, where corporations pay the owner to not chop down trees so they can continue polluting). Whoops.;
Salt Creek Rd in Jackson County, Oregon, 1,700 acres, 2% containment;
North in Modoc County, California, 4,380 acres, 50% containment;ย
Thompson in Butte County, California, which is 100% contained after burning 3,789 acres. I include it here because it forced the shutdown of transmission lines, taking the Oroville Dam hydropower plant offline and depriving the California grid of valuable energy when it needs it to keep air-conditioners running. Itโs yet another example of how extreme weather can strain the power grid.ย
Itโs difficult to see how this is sustainable. Consider for a moment the misery the more than 9,000 unhoused people in Phoenix must be experiencing each and every day this summer. Many of them live on the streets and sidewalks, literally, where the concrete and asphalt can reach 160ยฐ F or more, hot enough to cause severe burns. Poorly insulated housing without cooling can be nearly as bad. Public cooling centers provide refuge, of course, but are there enough?
Sure, if you can afford it, you can hunker down in your home and crank up the air-conditioner and simply wait out the heat. But you could be waiting for quite some time these days; meanwhile, the growing fleet of air-conditioners will strain the grid, increasing the risk of a widespread power outage, which literally could be deadly in this heat.
There is a limit to this sort of thing, and it seems as if we must be getting close to the point where some places simply become uninhabitable. But if weโve already reached that point, a lot of folks arenโt aware of it: Maricopa County remains one of the fastest growing metros in the U.S. And during the 12 months from June 2023 through May 2024, 48,000 building permits were issued in the metro area for new, private housing structures โ numbers not seen since the great housing bubble of a couple decades ago.
Surely the housing bubble will burst, as it has in the past, before too long. But what about the air-conditioning bubble? Can it really last forever?
๐ Random Real Estate Room ๐ค
Speaking of people moving to hostile environments, the Amangiri resort near Lake Powell (and the polygamist settlement of Big Water) is now selling lots to those who can afford it. But donโt worry! While homeowners can avail themselves of the resort amenities, they are separated from those low-brow folks (who are forking out up to $6,500 per night to stay there) by a big slab of sandstone โ saving them from having to rub elbows with the Kardashians next to the pool under 100ยฐ+ heat. And it will only cost you between $5 million and $12 million. For the lot, that is. Gross.
Follow Up
Remember my diatribe from a couple weeks ago about data centersโ excessive power use?ย Well, the pitfalls of all of that are playing out as I write this. Arizona Public Service, the stateโs biggest utility, predicts its customers collectively willย set new electricity-demand recordsย this year. And itโs not because of all those new folks moving in or the new homes being built โ efficiency gains have actually led to a 5% decrease in overall residential power consumption. Itโs thanks to those data centers, of which there are 79 in the state (71 in Phoenix, seven in Tucson, and one in Nogales). Itโs all fine and good until the grid crashes on a 118ยฐ F day.
Last night’s storm (July 30, 2021) was epic — Ranger Tiffany (@RangerTMcCauley) via her Twitter feed.
Click the link to read the article on the NOAA website:
Key Points:
The average temperature of the contiguous U.S. in June was 71.8ยฐF, 3.4ยฐF above average, ranking second warmest in the 130-year record.
Approximately 24 million people across portions of the West, South and Northeast experienced their warmest June for overnight temperatures.
Heat waves impacted the Southwest, Great Lakes, Northeast and Puerto Rico this month, breaking temperature records and creating life-threatening conditions.
The South Fork fire, one of the most devastating fires in New Mexico history, burned over 17,000 acres, destroyed around 1400 structures and claimed two lives.
Catastrophic flooding occurred in parts of the Midwest after days of heavy rains caused rivers and streams to overflow their banks, forcing residents to evacuate as water destroyed roads and bridges and led to the partial failure of the Rapidan Dam in Minnesota.ย
On June 30, Beryl became the earliest Category 4 hurricane and the only Category 4 on record during the month of June in the Atlantic Ocean.
June temperatures were above average to record warm across much of the contiguous U.S. Arizona and New Mexico each had their warmest June on record with 18 additional states ranking among their top 10 warmest Junes on record.
The Alaska statewide June temperature was 52.8ยฐF, 3.6ยฐF above the long-term average, ranking sixth warmest in the 100-year period of record for the state. Above-average temperatures were observed throughout most of the state, with near-average temperatures observed across much of the Aleutians and South Panhandle.
For the JanuaryโJune period, the average contiguous U.S. temperature was 50.9ยฐF, 3.4ยฐF above average, ranking second warmest on record for this period. Temperatures were above average across nearly all of the contiguous U.S., while record-warm temperatures were observed in parts of the Northeast, Great Lakes, southern Plains and Mid-Atlantic. New Hampshire, Vermont, Pennsylvania and West Virginia each saw their warmest JanuaryโJune period. An additional 24 states had a top-five warmest year-to-date period. No state experienced a top-10 coldest event during this six-month period.
The Alaska JanuaryโJune temperature was 24.6ยฐF, 3.3ยฐF above the long-term average, ranking in the warmest third of the historical record for the state. Much of the state was warmer than average for this six-month period while temperatures were near average across parts of the Panhandle.
Precipitation
June precipitation for the contiguous U.S. was 2.74 inches, 0.18 inch below average, ranking in the driest third of the historical record. Precipitation was below average across much of the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic and Ohio Valley and across portions of the Plains and California to the Northern Rockies. Portions of the Southeast experienced dry soils, low streamflow and distressed crops in June. Virginia had its driest June on record and North Carolina had its second driest June. Conversely, precipitation was above average across much of the Upper Midwest and Southwest and in portions of the Northeast, Plains and southern Florida. Minnesota had its fourth wettest June, while Wisconsin had its sixth wettest.
Alaskaโs average monthly precipitation ranked fifth driest in the historical record. Much of the state was drier than average for the month of June, while near-average precipitation was observed in the North Slope region.
The JanuaryโJune precipitation total for the contiguous U.S. was 17.36 inches, 2.06 inches above average, ranking 11th wettest in the 130-year record. Precipitation was above average across a large portion of the Upper Midwest, Northeast and Deep South as well as in pockets across much of the contiguous U.S., with Rhode Island having its second-wettest year-to-date period on record and Minnesota and Wisconsin ranking third wettest. Conversely, precipitation was below average across parts of the Northwest, northern Plains, west Texas and eastern North Carolina during the JanuaryโJune period.
The JanuaryโJune precipitation for Alaska ranked in the middle third of the 100-year record, with below-average precipitation observed across parts of the Central Interior, Cook Inlet, Northeast Interior and South Panhandle regions, near-average precipitation in the Aleutians, Northwest Gulf, Northeast Gulf and North Panhandle and above-average precipitation observed across the remaining climate divisions.
Billion-Dollar Disasters
Four new billion-dollar weather and climate disasters were confirmed in June 2024, including two hail events that impacted Texas and Colorado at the end of April and end of May, respectively, one severe weather event that impacted the central, southern and eastern U.S. in mid-May and a tornado outbreak that impacted portions of the Central U.S. in mid-May.
There have been 15 confirmed weather and climate disaster events this year, each with losses exceeding $1 billion. These disasters consisted of 13 severe storm events and two winter storms. The total cost of these events exceeds $37 billion, and they have resulted in at least 106 fatalities.
The U.S. has sustained 391 separate weather and climate disasters since 1980 where overall damages/costs reached or exceeded $1 billion (including CPI adjustment to 2024). The total cost of these 391 events exceeds $2.755 trillion.
Other Notable Events
The Correll Fire, which started on June 1 in San Joaquin County, CA burned over 14,000 acres.
The Darlene 3 Fire, which started on June 25 in Deschutes County, OR burned over 3,800 acres, prompted emergency evacuations and left thousands without power.
On June 2, an extreme rotating thunderstorm dropped cantaloupe-size (>6.25 inches in diameter) hail in the Texas Panhandleโthis could be the new state record for largest hail diameter.
A series of heat waves brought record-breaking temperatures to portions of the U.S. during June:
The National Weather Service office in Caribou, Maine, issued its first-ever Excessive Heat Warning due to โfeels-likeโ temperatures getting close to 110 degrees on June 19.
For the first time on record, the entire island of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands were placed under a heat advisory or warning by the National Weather Service on June 24.
Alberto, the first named storm of the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season, made landfall in Mexico on June 20 as a tropical storm.
Some Texas communities saw nearly three times their June average for rainfall over 48 hours from Tropical Storm Alberto, including the Gulf Coast-area city of Rockport, Texas, which received 9.97 inches of rain from the storm; its June average is 3.66 inches. Similarly, Alice, Texas, received 6.57 inches of rainโnearly triple its June average of 2.32 inches.
Drought
According to the July 2 U.S. Drought Monitor report, about 19% of the contiguous U.S. was in drought, up about 6% from the end of May. Drought conditions expanded or intensified across most of the Southeast, much of the Mid-Atlantic and portions of the Ohio Valley, Tennessee, eastern Oklahoma and northern Plains this month. Drought contracted or was reduced in intensity across much of the Southwest, Kansas, the panhandle of Oklahoma, southern Texas and southern Florida.
US Drought Monitor map July 2, 2024.
Monthly Outlook
Above-average temperatures are favored to impact areas across the western and southern portions of the U.S. in July, while below-average precipitation is likely to occur in the Northwest and south-central Plains. Drought is likely to persist in the Mid-Atlantic, Southwest, Northwest and Hawaii. Visit the Climate Prediction Centerโs Official 30-Day Forecasts and U.S. Monthly Drought Outlook website for more details.
Significant wildland fire potential for July is above normal across portions of the Mid-Atlantic, West, Hawaii and Alaska. For additional information on wildland fire potential, visit the National Interagency Fire Centerโs One-Month Wildland Fire Outlook
Most of the Plains, Midwest, and Southeast improved. Most of the Northwest, Central Rockies, Northeast, and Mid-Atlantic worsened. The 2 states at 90% s/vs: MD and WV.
The case concerned a 40-year-old precedent known as โChevron deference.โ That doctrine held that when a federal law is ambiguous, the courts must defer to the interpretations offered by the agencies the law covers โ as long as those interpretations are โreasonable.โ On Monday,ย the court discarded Chevron deference. This may sound like an abstruse legalistic squabble, but it has massive implications for Americans in all walks of life. It could subject agency decisions on scientifically based issues such asย clean air and water regulations and healthcare standardsย to endless nitpicking by a federal judiciary that already has displayed an alarming willingness toย dismiss scientific expertise out of hand,ย in favor of partisan or religious ideologies. The ruling amounts to an apogee of arrogance on the part of the Supreme Courtโs conservative majority, wrote Justice Elena Kagan in a dissent joined by Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Ketanji Brown Jackson. But itโs not a new development.
โThe Court has substituted its own judgment on workplace health for that of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration,โ Kagan wrote; โits own judgment on climate change for that of the Environmental Protection Agency; and its own judgment on student loans for that of the Department of Education…. In one fell swoop, the majority today gives itself exclusive power over every open issue โ no matter how expertise-driven or policy-laden.โ
Conservatives have had it in for the Chevron doctrine for a long time; given their current majority on the court, the doctrineโs death has been a foregone conclusion, awaiting only the appearance of a suitable case to use as a bludgeon. Indeed, the majority was so impatient to kill the doctrine that the courtโs six conservatives chose to do so by using a case that actually is moot. That case arose from a lawsuit brought by the herring industry, which objected to a government policy requiring herring boats to pay for government observers placed on board to make sure the boats were complying with their harvesting permits. The rule was imposed under the Trump administration, but it wasย canceled in April 2023 by Biden, who repaid the money that had been taken from the boat owners โ so thereโs nothing left in it for the court to rule on.
Interestingly, Chevron deference was not always seen as a bulwark protecting progressive regulatory policies from right-wing judges, as itโs viewed today. At its inception, it was seen in exactly the opposite way โ as giving conservative policies protection from progressive-minded judges.
Once settled in Colorado, Audrey and Chris reached out to their local FSA office to apply for a farm ownership loan to purchase their land. Photo courtesy of Billy Goat Hop Farm LLC.
The Heritage Foundationโs policy document for a second Trump term has more to say about horses than healthcare.
Project 2025 has been so much in the news lately that former President Donald Trump had to respond to the right-wing policy proposals, which the Heritage Foundation put together in hopes of implementation under another Trump presidency.
โI know nothing about Project 2025. I have no idea who is behind it,โ Trump said. โI disagree with some of the things theyโre saying and some of the things theyโre saying are absolutely ridiculous and abysmal. Anything they do, I wish them luck, but I have nothing to do with them.โ
In a familiar rhetorical pattern, Trump says two contradictory things at the same time: Parts of Project 2025 are โabsolutely ridiculous and abysmalโ and โanything they do I wish them luck.โ
Well, there is a third contradictory thing: โI know nothing about it.โ
But anyone reading through the nearly 1,000 pages of Project 2025 might easily be two-minded, or three-minded, about it. It is vast and dense.
Nevertheless, there is a predominant theme threaded throughout: Federal government must be downsized, decentralized, and disempowered as much as possible, as rapidly as possible, just as soon as conservatives gain control the federal government. And embedded within this theme is a prominent second thread: that the enemy โ variously named โthat institutionalized cadre of progressive political commissars,โ โLGBT advocates,โ โthe pursuit of racial parity,โ โracial and gender ideologies,โ etc. โ must be vanquished.
You may see different patterns, but this is what I discerned. Readers should look for themselves. Find the chapter(s) that matter to you. You may choose from sections titled โTaking the Reins of Government,โ โThe Common Defense,โ โThe General Welfare,โ โThe Economy,โ and โIndependent Regulatory Agencies,โ with each major federal government agency discussed. I spent a couple days reading through the 1,000 pages to glean what is being proposed to support healthy rural populations and thriving rural communities. Not very much.
In fact, the entire subsection โRural Healthโ (Chapter 14, Department of Health and Human Services, at p. 449) is shorter than the subsection on โWild Horses and Burrosโ (Chapter 16, Department of the Interior, at p. 528). Empathy for the four-footed ungulates is conveyed by discussion of their โiconic presenceโ described as โnot a new issue โฆ not just a western issue- it is an American issue.โ We two-footed humans rate similar patriotic rhetoric โ โseeking space for oneโs family and cultivating the land are valued goals that are deeply rooted in Americaโs fabricโ โ but the paltry few policy proposals โ less than one page out of nearly 1,000 โ are insulting.
For example, to increase the supply of health care providers by reducing regulatory burdens on โvolunteers wishing to provide temporary, charitable services across state lines,โ and to encourage โless expensive alternatives to hospitals and telehealth independent of expensive air ambulances,โ Challenge me if I am wrong, but these proposals explicitly, in writing, advise that rural communities can, at best, expect โsecond class,โ maybe just โthird class,โ treatment from Project 2025 Conservative elites. But at least Project 2025 doesnโt advise โhumane disposalโ for sick rural folks as it does for the horses and burros.
Moving on to some other rural concerns Project 2025 advises:
Mobile technologies:ย โ[W]idespread deployment of infrastructure for 5G adoption in rural and exurban areas, which will be a key factor in future economic competitiveness for these under-served communitiesโ [Note: Those charitable volunteers may not come help us without that.]
Veterans: Department of Veterans Affairs should โreimagine the health care footprint in some locales, and spur a realignment of capacity through budgetary allocations,โ for example โCommunity Based Outpatient Clinics (CBOCs) as an avenue to maintain a VA footprint in challenging medical markets without investing further in obsolete and unaffordable VA health care campusesโ and โfacility-sharing partnerships between the VA and strained local health care systems to reduce costs by leveraging limited talent and resourcesโ [Note: The context of these proposals is aging facilities and declining patient numbers, particularly in rural areas, that are too expensive and inefficient to replace; but considering the weak proposals for rural health care, these proposals are not likely viable and rural veterans will be treated like other rural residents, โsecondโ and โthirdโ class.]
Farms: Numerous programs that moderate risk faced by family farms are axed: โElimination of the Conservation Reserve Program. Farmers should not be paid in such a sweeping way not to farm their land. โฆ The USDA should work with Congress to eliminate this overbroad program.โ
And โrepeal the ARC (Agriculture Risk) and PLC (Price Loss) programs. โฆ The ARC program is especially egregious because farmers are being protected from losses, which is another way of saying minor dips in expected revenue. This is hardly consistent with the concept of providing a safety net to help farmers when they fall on hard times.โ [ note: there is considerable curiosity in distant elites advising farmers about โhard timesโ and the risks of farming]
Food security: Numerous proposals in Project 2025 intend to reduce numbers and eligibility for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (known commonly as the food stamp program) and for school meals [Note: Food insecurity is rising faster in rural areas.]
Eliminating nutritional labeling and dietary guidelines: โThere is no shortage of private sector dietary advice for the public, and nutrition and dietary choices are best left to individuals to address their personal needs. This includes working with their own health professionals.โ [Note: Rural residents are less likely to have โtheir own health professionalsโ or reliable access to any health professional, or other specific dietary advice.]
Throughout Project 2025โs 1,000 pages are hundreds upon hundreds of proposals. But perhaps these few gleanings advise that despite bashing progressive elites, Project 2025โs conservative elites know and care little about rural realities, problems, values, and priorities.
Palisade peaches ripening on the vine on June 5, 2024. Photo credit: Allen Best/Big Pivots
Click the link to read the article on the Big Pivots website (Allen Best):
July 8, 2024
June was a hot month in Colorado, among the two or three hottest Junes ever recorded.
Temperatures for the state didnโt top those of June 2012, a very notable one with attendant repercussions for river flows on the Western Slope. But on July 1, with records still being tabulated, Russ Schumacher, the state climatologist, said that June ranked either second or third among records that go back to the 1880s. He expects to have the definitive report filed soon.
The heat of June came after a comparatively cool May. It was close to the long-term average across much of Colorado, but cooler than average across northwestern Colorado.
The 10 months prior to May, however, had all been warmer than the 20th century average.
You can study the precise temperature rankings for each month in Colorado (and every other state) at this website maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Centers for Environmental Information.
Coloradoโs coolish May and barn-burner June come even as NASA warns of a climate crisis after an unprecedented 12 months of record highs. Each of the 12 months had a global high.
The last 10 consecutive years have been the warmest 10 since record-keeping began in the late 19th century.
โWeโre experiencing more hot days, more hot months, more hot years,โ said Kate Calvin, NASAโs chief scientist and senior climate advisor. โWe know that these increases in temperature are driven by our greenhouse gas emissions and are impacting people and ecosystems around the world.โ
Schumacher, a professor at Colorado State University, said the really extreme warmth during the last year or so has been over the oceans.
โColorado and the western US have been warmer than average over the last year or so but not breaking records like the globe as a whole,โ he told Big Pivots.
NASA has put together a visualization of the rise in global temperatures that might fascinate you โ or leave you unsettled.ย See that visualization here.
Morrow Point Dam, on the Gunnison River, Aspinall Unit. Photo: Brent Gardner-Smith/Aspen Journalism
From email from Reclamation (Erik Knight):
Releases from the Aspinall Unit will be increased from 1600 cfs to 1900 cfs between Wednesday, July 10th and Thursday, July 11th. Releases are being increased in response to declining river flows on the lower Gunnison River.
Flows in the lower Gunnison River have been dropping quickly towards the baseflow target of 1500 cfs. River flows are expected to continue to decline over the next couple weeks.
Pursuant to the Aspinall Unit Operations Record of Decision (ROD), the baseflow target in the lower Gunnison River, as measured at the Whitewater gage, is 1500 cfs for July and then drops to 1050 cfs in August.
Currently, Gunnison Tunnel diversions are 1050 cfs and flows in the Gunnison River through the Black Canyon are around 600 cfs. After this release change Gunnison Tunnel diversions will still be 1050 cfs and flows in the Gunnison River through the Black Canyon will be near 900 cfs. Current flow information is obtained from provisional data that may undergo revision subsequent to review.
Click the link to read the article on the USDA website (Jocelyn Benjamin):
June 13, 2024
A new study reveals that managing habitat for songbirds like the golden-winged warbler also benefits insect pollinators like the at-risk monarch butterfly.
Exploring the young forests and shrublands within the eastern deciduous forests of the United States, this study, which was highlighted in a Science to Solutions report by the Indiana University of Pennsylvania, thoroughly unravels the co-benefits that managing for early-successional habitat offers to both the golden-winged warbler and monarch butterfly. Managing for forest-age diversity improves the overall long-term health of forest communities and wildlife habitat. This research will help USDA strengthen conservation solutions for the Monarch butterfly and other pollinators.
Golden-winged Warbler Male and Female (Vermivora chrysoptera). By Louis Agassiz Fuertes. – 300 ppi scan of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume 31 (1917), page 308, panel C., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=167346
Common management solutions promoting early-successional communities like shrublands and young forests, are expensive, due to the management tools needed to simulate natural disturbances like wildfire, beaver activity, and severe weather that revert older sites to early-successional young forest conditions.
To combat these challenges, USDAโs Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) offers cost-effective management tools and technical assistance to private landowners through the Working Lands for Wildlife (WLFW) initiative.
WLFW offers management planning to improve forest stand quality and structure while promoting conservation benefits for specific wildlife species, which may also impact non-focal species. In this case, the golden-winged warbler is a focal species for multiple NRCS working lands programs in the Appalachian Mountains and Great Lakes, and shares common habitat goals with pollinators, including butterflies and native bees.
The report outlines several recent studies that assessed how pollinator species respond to avian-focused early successional habitat management in the Great Lakes and provides evidence that breeding habitat management efforts for the Warbler not only benefit pollinators but also many other non-focal species of conservation concern, including the American Woodcock and Eastern Whip-poor-will.
The monarch butterfly populations have declined significantly over the past few decades due to critical population stressors, including reductions in milkweed and nectar plant availability, driven by the loss and degradation of habitat across its range.
This drastic decline has sparked concerted efforts to create and enhance monarch habitat. The studies found that abundant blooming plants within forested landscapes, with emergent herbaceous wetlands nearby, combine habitat components for pollinators by containing pollen and nectar at a single site. Given that many disturbance-dependent flowering herbaceous plants like goldenrod colonize recently managed golden-winged warbler sites, coupling insect pollinators with warbler habitat creation benefits multiple species.
NRCS continues to offer this multispecies benefits approach through its working lands initiative, which nets a win-win for songbirds, pollinators, and owners and operators of working forests.
NRCS will host a free, one-hour Conservation Outcomes Webinar during National Pollinator Week that shares findings on the value of voluntary conservation practices to support pollinators nationwide. Additional details are available on theย Conservation Outcomes Webinar Series webpage.
A monarch caterpillar on a common milkweed leaf. (Image by Argonne National Laboratory/Lee Walston.)
Monarch butterfly on milkweed in Mrs. Gulch’s landscape July 17, 2021.Monarch butterfly. Photo: Jim Hudgins/USFWSPhotograph of a Male Monarch Butterfly. Photo by and (c)2007 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man)Photograph of a Female Monarch Butterfly. By Kenneth Dwain Harrelson, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14917505Photograph of a Female Monarch Butterfly. By Kenneth Dwain Harrelson, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14917505
Because the town argues that Craft was not qualified to serve on the water providerโs board, the complaint says that legally, โa vacancy existed since his appointment in 2022 by the Town.โ The Kiowa Board of Trustees โ the equivalent of a town council โ object to Craftโs activity on the water providerโs board, according to the suit.
โMr. Craft has publicly stated an intent to unlawfully terminate a separate operating agreement between the Town and KWWA,โ the complaint says. โMr. Craftโs actions create a risk of irreparable harm to the Town of Kiowa and the Board of Trustees, because he is exercising authority and duties to which he has no lawful right.โ
According to the complaint, in order to serve on the water providerโs board, a person must meet one of three criteria:
โข They are a resident of the town who is registered to vote in Colorado;
โข They own โreal propertyโ within the town boundaries;
โข Or they are the person designated by the owner of real property within the boundaries of the town to be qualified to serve on the board by such owner. (The designation by an owner does not require that the person be appointed to the board.)
Craftโs designation to serve did not meet the third criteria, the complaint argues.
A beaver dam on the Gunnison River. Photo: Brent Gardner-Smith/Aspen Journalism
Click the link to read the article on the EPA website (Melissa Payne):
June 11, 2024
Considered natureโs engineers, beavers build dams across streams to create ponds. The lodges within these dams can only be accessed through underwater entrances, keeping beavers safe from predators like bears and wolves. After historical overhunting, beaver populations are growingโin part because of recent reintroduction programsโand are settling down in places theyโve never been found before, including Tierra del Fuego and the Arctic. Beavers are a keystone species because of their significant impact on streams, the movement of water, water quality, and the other animals that live there. Beavers can alter their environments in many ways, especially through dam construction. The effects of these dams can be different in geographical regions (also known as biomes), but scientists do not have a clear understanding of how they impact water quality, habitat, and sedimentation in floodplains.
โDue to limited study in many biomes, some research scientists and land use managers must make decisions on how the conservation, expansion, and reintroduction of beavers can alter their local streams based on findings from ecosystems that are more frequently studied and better understood,โ said EPA researcher Ken Fritz.
The Scientific Question
Because stream ecosystems are complex, it can be difficult to understand how disturbances and changing environmental conditions will impact the ecosystem. Additionally, the impacts of beaver dams may vary widely across biomes because the underlying watershed characteristics are different.
EPA scientists Ken Fritz, Tammy Newcomer-Johnson, Heather Golden, and Brent Johnson, in collaboration with researchers from Miami University, Ohio, conducted a scientific literature review to better understand how beaver dams impact stream systems across different biogeographical regions. Their paper, โA global review of beaver dam impacts: Stream conservation implications across biomes,โ used 267 peer-reviewed studies to quantify the effects of beaver dams. Literature reviews summarize the main points of scientific research already published on a specific topic, which helps determine future efforts. The paper provides a current understanding for environmental managers on how the conservation, expansion, and reintroduction of beavers can alter streams in different geographical locations.
Fig. 1. Distribution of beaver home ranges (A) and studies examined across biomes by category; B) morphology, C) hydrology, D) water chemistry, E) aquatic biota, F) habitat. Home range distribution data was attained from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (https://www.iucnredlist.org/).
What the Scientists Discovered
The literature review found that beaver dams had significant environmental effects across all studied biomes. The impacts on stream morphology (the shape of river channels and how they change in shape and direction over time) and stream hydrology (water movement) were similar across geographical regions. Stream integrity, or health, also appeared to improve with beaver conservation in all biomes. The geographical region influenced how water quality and plant and animal life changed in response to beaver dams.
Specifically, results show that while nitrate and suspended sediments (which block the sunlight that bottom-dwelling plants need to survive) decreased downstream from beaver dams, pollutants like methyl mercury, dissolved organic carbon, and ammonium concentrations increased. Total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations tended to not be affected by beaver dams. The effects beaver dams have on pollutants vary depending on environmental conditions โlike temperature, sunlight, water velocity and depth โ that aid in changing and transporting certain pollutants. EPA scientist Heather Golden noted that โthe effects of beaver dams on water quality can often vary with time of year, or season.โ
On a larger scale, beaver dams slow water flow and increase sedimentation, and most pollutants likely settle out of the water into sediments upstream of the beaver dam. These areas could become zones of high concentration of some pollutants and harmful hotspots for exposed wildlife. For certain pollutants like nitrogen, this temporary storage can provide time for microbes to convert nitrate pollution into harmless nitrogen gas, a process known as microbial denitrification.
โWhen you clean your drinking water in your home, you throw away the dirty filter and put in a new one. This doesnโt happen with beaver dams,โ said EPA researcher Tammy Newcomer-Johnson. โDams slow the flow of water so that heavier particles settle out. Over time, storms and floodwaters can damage the dams and wash the sediments stored behind them downstream.โ
The paper found that beaver dams can significantly influence the areas around them. These findings can be useful for stream conservation and restoration efforts that introduce or protect beavers. The review also found that the impacts of beaver dams were most often studied in temperate forests. Additional studies are needed in dry or cold biomes historically occupied by beavers and in new environments where beaver populations are currently expanding.
Several small loสปi (pondfields) in which kalo (taro) is being grown in the Maunawili Valley on Oสปahu, Hawaiสปi. The ditch on the left in the picture is called an สปauwai and supplies diverted stream water to the loสปi. CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2149237
Click the link to read the article on the Associated Press website (Jennifer Sinco Kelleher). Here’s an excerpt:
About two years after 13 children and teens sued Hawaii over the threat posed byย climate change, both sides reachedย a settlementย that includes an ambitious requirement to decarbonize the stateโs transportation system over the next 21 years. Itโs another example of a younger generation channeling their frustration with the governmentโs response to the climate crisis into a legal battle. Navahine v. Hawaii Department of Transportation is the worldโs first youth-led constitutional climate case addressing climate pollution from the transportation sector, according to statements from both sides…
The lawsuitย said one plaintiff, a 14-year-old Native Hawaiian, was from a family that farmed taro for more than 10 generations. However, extreme droughts and heavy rains caused by climate change have reduced crop yields and threatened her ability to continue the cultural practice.
The next Aspinall Operations meeting is officially scheduled for Thursday, August 15th. We have moved from the August 22nd date due to the conflict with Water Congress. Start time will be the usual 1:00pm
The meeting will be held at the Western Colorado Area Office in Grand Junction. Due to the ongoing repairs of the US50 bridge over Blue Mesa Reservoir we have decided not to hold the meeting at the desired location of the Elk Creek Visitor Center at Blue Mesa Reservoir.
This term, the courtโs conservative supermajority handed down several rulings that chip away at the power of many federal agencies. But the environmental agency has been under particular fire, the result of a series of cases brought since 2022 by conservative activists who say that E.P.A. regulations have driven up costs for industries ranging from electric utilities to home building. Those arguments have resonated among justices skeptical of government regulation. On Friday [June 28, 2024], the court ended the use of what is known as the Chevron doctrine, a cornerstone of administrative law for 40 years that said that courts should defer to government agencies to interpret unclear laws. That decision threatens the authority of many federal agenciesย to regulate the environment and also health care, workplace safety, telecommunications, the financial sector and more…
But more remarkable have been several decisions by the court to intervene to stop environmental regulations before they were decided by lower courts or even before they were implemented by the executive branch. On Thursday, the court said the E.P.A. could not limit smokestack pollution that blows across state borders under a measure known as the โgood neighbor rule.โ In that case, the court took the surprising step of weighing in while litigation was still pending at the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Iron Fen. Photo credit from report “A Preliminary Evaluation of Seasonal Water Levels Necessary to Sustain Mount Emmons Fen: Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre and Gunnison National Forests,” David J. Cooper, Ph.D, December 2003.
The court also acted in an unusually preliminary fashion last year when itย struck down a proposed E.P.A. ruleย known as Waters of the United States that was designed to protect millions of acres of wetlands from pollution, acting before the regulation had even been made final…Similarly, in a 2022 challenge to an E.P.A. climate proposal known as the Clean Power Plan, the courtย sharply limited the agencyโs ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissionsย from power plants, even though that rule had not yet taken effect.
That kind of intervention has little in the way of precedent. Usually, the Supreme Court is the last venue to hear a case, after arguments have been made and opinions have been rendered by lower courts…Collectively, those decisions now endanger not only many existing environmental rules, but may prevent future administrations from writing new ones, experts say…
Imagine Westerners waking up one morning only to discover that many of their most cherished wetlands have dried up, gone. This is not fiction during these times of determining the true value of water.
Most wetlands in the arid West owe their existence to the โinefficienciesโ of unlined irrigation canals and flood irrigation. But when well-intentioned urban folks insist that irrigation companies use water more efficiently by piping their ditches, the result may be more about loss than water โsavedโ for rivers.
One of the least-known truths in the West is that many of our wetlands are the result of irrigated agriculture. For example, an irrigation company in northern Colorado irrigates about 24,000 acres, thanks to 146 miles of ditches.
The area served by the irrigation company also has approximately 1,300 acres of wetlands, and itโs no accident that most of those wetlands lie below a leaking ditch. A study by Colorado State University discovered this connection using heavy isotopes to create hydrographs of groundwater wells, ditch levels and precipitation. This is a West-wide issue.
We all know that climate change has been causing hotter, drier weather, and that helps reduce the flow of the Colorado River that 40 million Westerners depend on. In the Laramie Basin of Wyoming, 67% of its wetlands are attributed to agriculture. In North Park, Colorado, close to 75% of all wetlands are byproducts of irrigated agriculture.
Decades ago, Aldo Leopold wrote, โThere are two spiritual dangers in not owning a farm. One, you think that heat comes from the furnace and two, you think that breakfast comes from the grocery store.โ
May I add a third? We donโt know much about the water we depend on.
Farmers and ranchers produce two โgoods,โ a private good and a public good. Theyโre compensated for the private one by producing food. Their public goods, ecosystem services, are not compensated, though they include wetlands, biodiversity and plants sequestering carbon.
But knowing that rural agriculture uses 79% of the Colorado Riverโs water, our urban neighbors tell their rural counterparts to conserve water or, better yet, sell it to them.
Meanwhile, the environmental community would like rural agriculture to use less water so more could stay in the rivers to help fish and provide recreational opportunities.
Clearly, there are too many demands for the Westโs diminishing water supply. Drinking water, ag water, river health. Where do wetlands fit in?
Wetlands cover 1% of the Westโs land surface, yet half of our threatened and endangered species rely on them. Wetlands serve a similar function to our kidneys: They filter out impurities from human land uses, making our environment healthier.
Perhaps itโs time for all of us to wise up a little. Many of these wetlands are human created; that is, they were created by farmers and ranchers and are not โnatural.โ Many will disappear in the pursuit of water conservation. Must it be water conservation and efficiency at all costs?
Will we prioritize water for urban uses, including urban sprawl? Or will we support more water staying in our rivers to create a healthier environment? Will water for food production be considered a necessity? Do green lawns trump healthy rivers and wetlands?
Richard Knight
With more informed conversations about our region, talks between rural and urban neighbors, perhaps we could pursue a triple bottom line: water for food production, water for urban uses, and, yes, water for our regionโs rivers, streams and wetlands
Wouldnโt we all like that? Letโs figure out how to make that happen.
Rick Knight is a contributor to Writers on the Range, writersontherange.org, an independent nonprofit that seeks to spur lively conversation about the West. He works at the intersection of land use and land health in the American West.
