Federal plan makes steep #ColoradoRiver water cuts to #Arizona, #California and #Nevada: The Bureau of Reclamationโ€™s final environmental review leaves the door open for states to reach an agreement on how to share the water — by Jake Bolster (High Country News) #COriver #aridification

Lake Powell and Glen Canyon Dam. Photo credit: Western Resource Advocates


Click the link to read the article on the High Country News website (Jake Bolster):

August 4, 2026

This article originally appeared on Inside Climate News, a nonprofit, non-partisan news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for their newsletter here.

Water users in the American Southwest confronted on Friday the strong possibility that cities and farms in the region must reduce Colorado River use by hundreds of billions of gallons after the Trump administration released a new management plan for the coming decade.

The document, published by the federal Bureau of Reclamation, outlines a 10-year management approach that could adjust to changing hydrological conditions that affect the riverโ€™s flow, with operations updatable every two years. The agency proposed cuts in water allotments originally suggested by Arizona, California and Nevada, which make up the riverโ€™s Lower Basin. Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming, the regionโ€™s Upper Basin, could make voluntary conservation measures.

Interim guidelines and drought contingency plans agreed upon by the basin states in 2007 and 2019 are set to expire in 2027 and negotiations for a new agreement due this year have stalled, with the states missing repeated deadlines to come to a consensus.

But the Bureau of Reclamation operates much of the riverโ€™s infrastructure, including the Hoover and Glen Canyon dams, which form Lake Mead and Lake Powell, the nationโ€™s two largest reservoirs. A federal record of decision finalizing operations on the river for the next two years will follow the final environmental impact statement Reclamation released Friday. 

โ€œThis plan strikes a balance between flexibility and predictability for the Colorado River system that is vital to the 40 million people who rely on it given unprecedented hydrologic conditions and the potential for considerable impacts on water users,โ€ said Andrea Travnicek, Interiorโ€™s assistant secretary for water and science, in a statement accompanying the planโ€™s release. โ€œIt also allows a new flexibility to respond to changing conditions and potential consensus.โ€

The agency is considering releases from Lake Powell, the reservoir near the border of Utah and Arizona that delineates the upper and lower basins, ranging from 5 million to 12 million acre feet to the downstream states (one acre foot can supply about two to four households for a year). The Lower Basin, including Mexico, could take steep cuts in their water allocations, potentially losing 1.5 million acre feet in both 2027 and 2028.

Under such a scenario, Arizona would lose 760,000 acre feet of its allotment from the river, California 440,000 acre feet and Nevada 50,000, following a proposal submitted by the Lower Basin.

But beyond 2028, Lower Basin cuts could reach up to 3 million acre feet.

The Arizona Department of Water Resources called that figure โ€œunacceptableโ€ in a statement published online. โ€œSuch reductions would devastate Arizonaโ€™s water users and its economy,โ€ the agency said. 

Reclamation appears to be seeking voluntary Upper Basin reductions of up to 200,000 acre feet, and discussed moving water from federally managed dams in the basin downstream, as hydrology allowed.

โ€œThe proposal responds to a fundamental reality: the Colorado River no longer reliably produces enough water to support all the uses and expectations built around it,โ€ said JB Hamby, Californiaโ€™s Colorado River Commissioner, in a statement. โ€œThat challenge is shared across the Basin, and addressing it requires specific, measurable reductions in water use by every state.โ€

A spokesperson for the Colorado Department of Natural Resources said the state is โ€œanalyzingโ€ the document.

Upper Basin governors said in a statement that they were โ€œencouraged that new operating guidelines will better reflect existing water supply, which must underpin any practicable plan going forward.โ€

The Colorado River is perhaps the most climate-stressed waterway in the U.S. It provides water to between 35 and 40 million people across seven Western states, 30 tribes and two Mexican states as it wends its way through the Southwest, home to some of the countryโ€™s most arid and drought-stricken landscapes. Millions of Westerners also rely on the electricity the Hoover and Glen Canyon dams generate. 

The 1922 compact between the riverโ€™s users assumed roughly 17.5 million acre feet of water was available to the two basins and Mexico, but the historical average of its natural flow has only been roughly 14.7 million acre feet. That number plummeted to an average of 11.2 million acre feet between 2020 and 2024, according to provisional data from Reclamation. 

In that same time period, the agency calculated average use and evaporative loss across the basin at just over 13 million acre feet.

โ€œThe operational ranges that Reclamation put forward, theyโ€™re the right things that we need to be doing in order to fix the supply and demand imbalance,โ€ said John Berggren, regional policy manager at Western Resource Advocates. โ€œBut it is just a range, and what they actually do over the next two years or within any given year, that will matter if theyโ€™re actually gonna be able to bring the system back into balance.โ€

Berggren hopes the short-term certainty this plan provides can unstick negotiations between the states.

โ€œI hope [the basin commissioners] donโ€™t just keep doing what theyโ€™ve been doing for the last two or three years, โ€™cause that clearly hasnโ€™t worked,โ€ he said. โ€œI hope they try and take this opportunity to change things up. Letโ€™s try something new and hopefully get to a seven-state agreement.โ€

Reclamationโ€™s final environmental impact statement was initially supposed to codify the management plan the basin states have yet to agree on. Though deadlines for those negotiations have come and gone, Reclamation is still holding the door open for a deal, which is widely regarded as the most productive path to a durable long-term operating agreement for the river. 

โ€œLetโ€™s try something new and hopefully get to a seven-state agreement.โ€

Negotiations are stalled over whether cuts should be mandatory across the entire basin. After overdrawing from the river for decades, the Lower Basin now uses less water than it is apportioned, according to federal accounting; it wants to see future cuts shared across the seven states. The Upper Basin, which has never used the full amount of water it is legally entitled to, has fiercely contested demands for it to make mandatory cuts, offering voluntary conservation measures instead. The states that make up that basin contend that variable environmental conditions, such as this yearโ€™s record-low snowpack, already limit how much water they use.

Even with some idea of federal management options in place, the absence of a seven-state  agreement further increases the prospect of states dependent on the Colorado River suing one another in cases that would be adjudicated by the Supreme Court.

Still, proposing to manage the river in a way that is adaptive to hydrological conditions is โ€œthe kind of agreement that we are going to need to really think about long-term how do we live in this basin with much less water moving forward,โ€ said Celene Hawkins, Colorado River program director at The Nature Conservancy. 

Hawkins hopes this spurs a seven state agreement โ€œso that, ultimately, we can do really good work for communities and for the river itself.โ€

We welcome reader letters. Email High Country News at editor@hcn.org or submit a letter to the editor. See our letters to the editor policy.

Map of the Colorado River drainage basin, created using USGS data. By Shannon1 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0

How low will we go? Reservoir levels are dropping as customers use water: Dillon Reservoir is down 20 feet, another is less than half full, while a third is dry — Jay Adams (DenverWater.org) #SouthPlatteRiver

Denver Water relies on a network of reservoirs to collect and store water. The large collection area provides flexibility for collecting water as some areas receive different amounts of precipitation throughout the year. Image credit: Denver Water.

Click the link to read the article on the Denver Water website (Jay Adams):

August 3, 2026

Denver Waterโ€™s reservoir storage system, holding water supplies carefully built up over many years, is getting hit hard this summer as hot, dry weather drags on and customers use water.

As of July 31, 2026:

  • Dillon Reservoir in Summit County, Denver Waterโ€™s largest reservoir, was down 20 feet and expected to drop another 8 to 10 feet by Labor Day.ย 
  • Williams Fork Reservoir near Kremmling was about one-third full; by the end of summer the damโ€™s hydro turbines wonโ€™t be able to produce hydropower.ย 
  • And Antero Reservoir near Fairplay, considered an emergency drought storage reservoir, was dry after the water was moved out of it in May and June. ย 

Overall as of July 31, Denver Waterโ€™s reservoirs stood at 75% of capacity, more than 20 percentage points down from the 96% theyโ€™re normally full at the end of July.

And reservoir levels will continue to drop as customers use water.ย 

By April 1, 2027, right before the start of next yearโ€™s runoff, Denver Waterโ€™s reservoirs are expected to be merely 60% to 62% of capacity โ€” the lowest theyโ€™ve been on April 1 since the 2002-2003 drought.

โ€œDenver Waterโ€™s robust reservoir system serves as our water โ€˜savings account,โ€™โ€ said Nathan Elder, Denver Waterโ€™s manager of water supply.

โ€œThis year we are making significant withdrawals from our savings โ€” and we donโ€™t know how long the hot and dry weather conditions will last, or what this winterโ€™s snowpack will look like. We need customers to do their part and reduce water use inside and outside, so that we wonโ€™t need to implement even more drastic restrictions.โ€

In order to stretch existing water supplies, Denver Waterโ€™s mandatory drought restrictions this summer limit outdoor watering to two assigned days per week. The utilityโ€™s regular summer watering rules also remain in effect, including no watering allowed during the day between 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. (Check assigned days and watering rules here.)

See how far Dillon has dropped:

Reservoirs play a critical role during droughts, as the stored water that was saved in the past is used to get through dry years.

In July, Denver Water customers used an average of 282 million gallons of water every day. In the winter, when there is no outdoor watering, Denver Water customers typically use about 110 million gallons per day.

Hereโ€™s a closer look at some of Denver Waterโ€™s key reservoirs:

Antero Reservoir

In May and June, Denver Water moved all the water out of the relatively shallow Antero Reservoir in Park County to avoid losing it to evaporation.

Anteroโ€™s water was sent down the South Platte River to Cheesman Reservoir, and, due to demand, almost all of that water has been used. Antero Reservoir is considered an emergency water storage reservoir that is used during drought years.

Antero Reservoir in Park County on June 30 without water. Denver Water used the water in the reservoir to meet customer demand due to record low snowpack and runoff. Photo credit: Denver Water.

This is the second time Denver Water has had to use all the water in Antero due to drought. The last time the reservoir was emptied to stretch water supplies in a drought was in 2002.

It is expected to take several years of average or above-average snowpack to refill Antero Reservoir.


Cheesman Reservoir

Cheesman Reservoir, located near Deckers along the South Platte River, opened in 1905.

As of July 31, Cheesman Reservoir was at 71% of capacity. The reservoir would have been even lower without the additional water moved from Antero.

Cheesman Reservoir on July 23, 2026, when it was at 74% of capacity. The reservoir is a critical storage site along the South Platte River near the small town of Deckers. Photo credit: Denver Water.

Cheesmanโ€™s water level as of July 31 was 26.5 feet down from full and the reservoir is expected to drop to 54% to 61% of capacity by April 1, 2027. During the drought of 2002-2003, Cheesman dropped all the way down to 29%, less than one-third of its capacity.


Dillon Reservoir

Dillon is Denver Waterโ€™s largest reservoir. Located in Summit County, it opened in 1963.

As of July 31, Dillon Reservoir was at 75% of capacity and down 22.5 feet. The reservoir is expected to drop another 8-10 feet by Labor Day.

At the end of July, Denver Water was pulling about 163 million gallons of water a day from the reservoir to meet the water demands of its customers in Denver and surrounding suburbs.

By next spring, Elder expects Dillon will be down to 50% to 60% of capacity. During the drought of 2002-2003, Dillon was down to 48% of capacity.

Dillon Reservoir in Summit County on July 20 looking west at the Tenmile Range in the background and Dillon Marina on the right. The reservoir is down 21 feet and was at 77% of capacity on July 24. Photo credit: Denver Water.

As for the record low? Dillon bottomed out at 35% of capacity in 1978 during a drought.


Gross Reservoir

Gross Reservoir is a critical water storage site in Boulder County. The dam is currently under construction and water levels have been lowered in the reservoir to allow that construction work to move forward safely.

As of July 31, Gross Reservoir was at 53% of capacity.

Gross Dam in Boulder County on June 2, 2026. The dam is under construction as part of the Gross Reservoir Expansion Project. The project is designed to nearly triple the capacity of Gross Reservoir to store more water to get through times of drought. Photo credit: Denver Water.

The Gross Reservoir Expansion Project is designed to nearly triple the size of Gross Reservoir, which will allow Denver Water to store more water to help get through times of drought. The project hit aย major milestone in June 2026ย when workers placed the last of the roller-compacted concrete steps that make up the higher dam.


Williams Fork Reservoir

The Williams Fork Reservoir, near Kremmling in Grand County, as of July 31 was 36% of capacity and down 52 feet.

The reservoirโ€™s boat ramp was closed this summer due to low water levels caused by drought. Kayaking and other hand-paddled watercraft are still allowed.

Watch a video of conditions at Williams Fork this summer: 

By the end of summer, the water level in Williams Fork is expected to be so low that the damโ€™s hydropower plant will no longer be able to generate power. The reservoir is expected to drop to 6% to 15% of capacity by April 1, 2027.

A group of visitors walks down the boat ramp at Williams Fork Reservoir on July 20. The ramp was closed this summer due to low water levels caused by drought. Photo credit: Denver Water.

Denver Water does not use Williams Fork to store water for the metro area. Instead, the reservoirโ€™s water is used to exchange, or offset, water that is stored in Dillon Reservoir in order to meet downstream water rights obligations on the Colorado River.


Meadow Creek Reservoir

Denver Waterโ€™s smaller reservoirs are also affected by the drought, such as the Meadow Creek Reservoir near Granby in Grand County, a popular dispersed camping and fishing site.

Denver Water took advantage of this yearโ€™s low water conditions and further lowered the reservoir to just 6% of capacity in order to conduct an inspection and construction project on the dam.

Meadow Creek Reservoir in Grand County is being lowered this year for a construction project on the dam. Photo credit: Denver Water.

Water released from Meadow Creek was used for irrigation in Grand County, and 350 acre-feet of water was moved to storage in Gross Reservoir.

While Meadow Creek is not a primary storage site, its fate this summer demonstrates some of the challenges and complexity that comes with managing a water system while juggling the impacts of drought, maintenance requirements and the need to deliver to 1.5 million people in Denver and surrounding suburbs.


Looking ahead

While having Denver Waterโ€™s overall reservoir system at 75% of capacity as of July 31 may not sound too bad, Elder says customers need to act now to conserve as much water as possible.

And while there has been talk of a strong El Nino, summer monsoon rains and big winter storms on the horizon, Elder notes that โ€œhoping for more rain and snowโ€ is not an actual strategy for managing through a historic drought.

Also, 90% of the water Denver Water collects comes from mountain snow, meaning that even a strong monsoon this summer wonโ€™t do much to stem the fall in reservoir levels.

The bottom line is that no one really knows what next yearโ€™s water supply outlook will be until next winter โ€” and more critically, until next springโ€™s runoff season, when the snow starts to melt and water flows into the reservoirs.

Right now, Elderโ€™s team has calculated Denver Waterโ€™s water supply outlook through April 1, 2027, right before the next spring runoff begins.

And the team is forecasting that by then, Denver Water โ€” and its customers โ€” will be facing reservoir levels of just 60% to 62% of capacity, the lowest since the 2002-2003 drought.

โ€œWe have a strong reservoir system, but we are going through a lot of water this summer and reservoir levels are dropping,โ€ Elder said.

โ€œEvery drop counts, and every action customers can take to conserve water inside and outside will help stretch our water supply. This is the time to Use Only What You Need.โ€

Denver Waterโ€™s decade long Use Only What You Need campaign found humor in conservation. Photo credit: Denver Water.

#Monument pulls out of regional water project, citing high costs — The #ColoradoSprings Gazette

A map being shown around El Paso County by suburban water agencies traces the path of the Loop, a complex $134 million pipeline and pumping project that would allow northern and eastern communities in the county to reuse aquifer water returning to Fountain Creek, and pipe along water rights they have bought up on the southern side of the county. (Provided by Woodmoor Water and Sanitation District)

Click the link to read the article on the Colorado Springs Gazette website (Savannah Eller). Here’s an excerpt:

August 4, 2026

On Monday evening [August 3, 2026], the Monument town council voted unanimously to begin exiting the multidistrict authority. The Loop is left with just two water district members of the original four after the decision…Proposed in 2022, the Loop would divert water flowing down Fountain Creek, pumping it northward and east around Colorado Springs to districts along the way. Billed as a way to break the reliance of communities on the nonreplenishing groundwater of the Denver Basin, the Loop was first estimated to cost between $160 and $190 million to construct…Town staff recommended the action after hearing that Donala Water & Sanitation District, one of the remaining partners, would also be voting to remove itself from the agreement soon…Cherokee Metro District pulled out of the project in 2024. Interim General Manager Kevin Brown previously told The Gazette the district had to divert resources to remove forever chemicals in its supply before a compliance deadline. Instead of the Loop, Cherokee was going to focus its efforts on securing access to water rights in the Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin.

Water stored in Coloradoโ€™s Denver Basin aquifers, which extend from Greeley to Colorado Springs, and from Golden to the Eastern Plains near Limon, does not naturally recharge from rain and snow and is therefore carefully regulated. Courtesy U.S. Geological Survey.

In a first, #Utah got more power from #solar than any other source: The state used to run on #coal, but now renewables are surging — Grist

Image of floating solar array at Signal Hill Treatment Plant. The goal is to offset approximately 92% of the electrical usage at that facility. This floating array and the involvement with the Summit County Power Purchase Agreement for electricity from the Elektron Solar project, located in Tooele County, Utah, will get the District to nearly a totally renewable energy usage position. Photo credit: Mountain Regional Water

Click the link to read the article on the Grist website (Leia Larsen):

August 6, 2026

This coverage is made possible through a partnership between Grist and The Salt Lake Tribune, a nonprofit newsroom in Utah.โ€‹โ€‹ โ€‹

Utahโ€™s solar generation eclipsed all other electricity sources for the first time ever in May, the culmination of a slow but steady years-long shift away from coal. Energy experts are calling it a win for the environment and the stateโ€™s economy. 

Photovoltaic panels in Utah produced nearly 1 terawatt hour in May 2026. That represented nearly a third of all electricity generated in the state that month, according to data from Ember, a global energy think tank. Natural gas generated 32 percent, coal generated 28 percent, and wind 2 percent.

โ€œThe trend of more and more solar in Utah is wonderful news for air quality, itโ€™s wonderful news for the climate, and itโ€™s wonderful news for jobs and the economy,โ€ said Dan Schroeder, a physics professor at Weber State University who regularly checks energy data.

Schroeder attributes the trend to several large solar farms coming online in recent years. The 2,500-acre Green River Energy Center in the central part of the state became operational this spring, and includes 400 megawatts of solar generation and 400 megawatts of battery storage. Excelsior Energy Capitalโ€™s Faraday Solar project in Utah County, the stateโ€™s second-largest county,  started providing up to 685 megawatts for the Meta data center there last fall. The Elektron Solar Project, an 80-megawatt photovoltaic farm, began sending electricity to Salt Lake City, Park City, and Summit County in June 2024.

Solar also supports nearly 8,000 jobs in Utah, according to the latest information from the Solar Energy Industries Association. The state is home to 132 solar companies, including 54 solar developers and 23 solar manufacturers. Investors committed $1.5 billion to Utahโ€™s solar market in 2025 alone.

Oil and gas extraction, by comparison, accounted for 1,291 jobs in the state in 2025, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Coal mining accounted for 1,059 in 2023, the most recent year the bureau has data for that industry. Utah had another 1,905 jobs in coal and petroleum product manufacturing last year. 

The rise of solar power has helped the state wean itself off a dependence on coal. In 2017, coal generated between 64 percent and 78 percent of electricity in Utah, depending on the month. By 2023, it started accounting for less than half of the stateโ€™s power sources in certain times of the year. This spring, it was less than a third. 

Electricity generation is complicated, however, and solar wonโ€™t represent a third of Utahโ€™s portfolio every month. But with its sunny, dry climate, โ€œUtah still has room to grow its solar percentage,โ€ Schroeder said.

He pointed to California, which saw nearly 51 percent of its electricity generation come from solar panels in May, the most recent month that Ember has data โ€” showing Utah has much more room to grow.

โ€œWeโ€™re going to see milestones like this increasingly happen,โ€ said Logan Mitchell, a climate scientist and energy analyst with Utah Clean Energy.

About 51 percent of the new utility-scale electricity generation added to the countryโ€™s grid is expected to come from solar this year, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. The country is likely to add another 43.4 gigawatts of solar, 24.3 gigawatts of battery storage, and 11.8 gigawatts of new wind power in 2026, compared to just 6.3 gigawatts of natural gas generation and zero new coal capacity.

Some of Utahโ€™s electricity gets exported to other states, and some of its solar farms serve a single customer, like the project in Utah County that has a contract with Meta, the parent company of Instagram and Facebook.

Mitchell pulled the numbers from the stateโ€™s largest electricity provider, PacifiCorp, which is the parent company of Rocky Mountain Power. Turns out, another renewable energy source has seen a surge in generation in the region โ€” wind power.

Wind blew past all other energy sources in PacifiCorpโ€™s portfolio for Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho in December and January for the first time, according to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

โ€œWind plus solar is on a tear right now,โ€ Mitchell said. โ€œWe may have achieved liftoff.โ€

Rio Grande commissioners say no for now to data centers: One-year moratorium allows officials to look at land use codes — Owen Woods (AlamosaCitizen.com) #RioGrande #SanLuisValley

Click the link to read the article on the Alamosa Citizen website (Owen Woods):

August 5, 2026

The Rio Grande County Board of Commissioners is the latest government body to place a moratorium on data centers. The commissioners also adopted a resolution prohibiting any large-scale, or hyperscale data centers in the county. 

During Wednesdayโ€™s regular meeting, the commissioners unanimously approved the year-long data center moratorium to allow the countyโ€™s departments to address land use codes. The moratorium is broad as existing language relating to data centers didnโ€™t exist in the countyโ€™s codes before. The separate resolution prohibiting large-scale and hyperscale data centers was approved unanimously. 

Commissioners said they are using Colorado Municipal League definitions for large-scale and hyperscale.

This decision comes two weeks after a public hearing and work session that allowed county department heads and commissioners to hear the concerns from the public. 

Rio Grande County Administrator Skip Schoen said there has been โ€œconsiderable concernโ€ in the county about data centers as โ€œa category.โ€ 

More than 30 people spoke at the public hearing with more members of the public writing in their comments. 

The public concern in Rio Grande County echoes widespread concern about data center construction in the rest of the San Luis Valley and much of the country. 

Saguache County, the town of South Fork and Costilla County have already adopted varying moratoriums and resolutions to address data centers. 

Alamosa County has yet to signal an intent to place a moratorium on data centers as it is currently going through a process with a company called Strata Inc. that intends to build a small-scale, closed loop-cooled data center in the county. 

The city of Alamosa will take up a resolution to place a temporary moratorium on โ€œUtility Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems and Large Load Data Centersโ€ during Wednesday nightโ€™s regular meeting. 

Feds release Colorado River plan, and no one’s very happy about it — Jonathan P. Thompson (LandDesk.org) #ColoradoRiver #COriver #aridification

Lake Powell and Wahweap Marina back in August 2021, when the surface level was at about 3,549 feet. Itโ€™s now at 3,522 feet, just above the all-time low reached in April 2022. Jonathan P. Thompson photo.

Click the link to read the article on The Land Desk website (Jonathan P. Thompson):

August 4, 2026

Last week, the federal Bureau of Reclamation released their final environmental impact statement for proposed alternatives for managing the Colorado River and its major reservoirs over the next decade.ย The preferred alternative is not a specific operating plan, but is the โ€œdecision frameworkโ€ that will provide a structure within which those plans can be developed at two-year intervals. The operating guidelines for the 2027 water year, which begins Oct. 1, are expected to be released later this month.

The feds stepped in after the seven Colorado River states failed to agree on a new plan to replace the 2007 Interim Guidelines and the 2019 Drought Contingency Plans, both of which expire at the end of September. The states will continue to negotiate, and a seven-state consensus deal would take precedence over the federal plan.

Udall/Overpeck 4-panel Figure Colorado River temperature/precipitation/natural flows with trend. Lake Mead and Lake Powell storage. Updated through Water Year 2025. Note the tiny points on the annual data so that you can flyspeck the individual years. Credit: Brad Udall

Those plans were aimed at bringing overall demand back into balance with supply, which is not easy given that a warmer and drier climate is continually diminishing the already over-allocated river. While the document appears to have been completely scrubbed of any references to โ€œclimate changeโ€ or โ€œglobal warming,โ€ it does obliquely acknowledge that the cause of the current woes is a heating planet with passages like this one: โ€œImbalance between water supply and demand will be exacerbated by increasingly likely low-runoff conditions: The Basin is experiencing increased aridity due to climate variability, and long-term drought and low-runoff conditions are expected in the future.โ€

The natural flow flow at Lees Ferry, which is a calculation of what the Colorado Riverโ€™s flow would be without any upstream dams, diversions, or human consumption. Land Desk graph using Bureau of Reclamation data.

While the supply-demand balance is the central objective, a secondary one is to โ€œprotect critical elevationsโ€ at Lake Powell, which is to say they will take significant measures to keep the surface level from dropping below 3,500 feet, which provides a 10-foot buffer above minimum power pool. This not only preserves hydropower output, but it also avoids relying on the river outlet works for sustained releases. Meanwhile, the feds didnโ€™t even consider proposals to drain Lake Powell or to build bypass tunnels around Glen Canyon Dam to allow for low-level water releases. [ed. Note that the USBR EIS is constrained by the “Law of the River”, the suite of agreements and legislation that details what the agency can do to operate the river.]

Sorry, Ed. Iโ€™d like to help, but thereโ€™s not a whole lot of interesting things to say about this!

The release was met with much pomp and circumstance, along with a lot of hand-wringing and teeth-gnashing, though it didnโ€™t contain any major surprises or changes from the draft EIS released earlier this year. The big takeaway, or at least the most talked-about one, is that the Upper Basin states will not be subjected to mandatory water use cuts, though they are being asked to cut about 200,000 acre-feet annually on a voluntary basis. The Lower Basin states, meanwhile, will be required to cut their consumption, perhaps by as much as 3.6 million acre-feet per year, depending on reservoir levels. Thatโ€™s nearly half of those statesโ€™ Colorado River Compact allotment.

The cuts would be distributed based on water right priority, which would hit Arizona the hardest. Thatโ€™s not because Arizonaโ€™s rights are junior to everyone elseโ€™s, but because their biggest straw โ€” the Central Arizona Project โ€” has junior rights, which the state accepted in exchange for federal funds to help build the thing and to help power its energy-sucking pumps.

Lower Basin leaders are, generally, livid. Arizona Gov. Katie Hobbsย saidย the fedsโ€™ plan โ€œstill contains unacceptable options that include the federal government forcing Arizona to take the majority of draconian water cutbacks.โ€ Nevada Gov. Joe Lombardoย saidย the plan โ€œseeks to impose unrealistic reductions on Nevada and our water users โ€ฆ {that} could have devastating economic and environmental impacts โ€ฆ .โ€

The response from the Upper Basin has been a more measured and mixed, but is predominantly one of relief at being spared mandatory cuts. But any celebration is tempered by the fact that nature is forcing its own cuts in the Upper Basin; irrigation canals are shutting down all over the place, long before the growing season is over, and some irrigators have received only a fraction of their usual allotment this year. Plus, the plan leaves open the possibility of draining Upper Basin reservoirs such as Flaming Gorge, Blue Mesa, and Navajo to buoy levels at Lake Powell. That will affect recreation and leave less water for irrigators and other users in the Upper Basin.

Meanwhile, advocacy groups are generally unhappy about the planโ€™s short-term approach, its focus on saving dams rather than the river, its willful ignorance of climate science, and its failure to force cuts on all river users. Even more dismaying is the fact that it doesnโ€™t even cap Upper Basin consumption at current levels, implicitly allowing new diversions and water projects that would throw supply and demand further out of balance. โ€œThe Colorado River needs consequential and systemic change that confronts the ecological, political, and legal chaos caused by climate change and Glen Canyon Dam, but Reclamationโ€™s plan is just โ€˜lather, rinse, repeatโ€™ of past failed policies,โ€ said Gary Wockner, of Save The Colorado, in a written statement.

This sentiment reveals a sort of paradox on the Colorado River: All of the water that flows to the Lower Basin and the industrial-scale alfalfa farms in the Imperial Valley also runs through the Grand Canyon, keeping that ecosystem healthier. Meanwhile, any water that the Upper Basin consumes or that is held back in Lake Powell to protect the damโ€™s integrity is water that doesnโ€™t flow through the canyon.

Thereโ€™s no indication that the Trump administration is punishing the Lower Basin states, however. Itโ€™s far simpler logistically to distribute and enforce mandatory consumption cuts in the Lower Basin because there are fewer diversion points, each of which is far larger than in the Upper Basin. Also, the 1928 Boulder Canyon Project Act made the Interior Secretary the โ€œwater masterโ€ on the Lower Colorado River, giving the feds greater authority to order shortages.

One question that remains unanswered is how reduced releases from Glen Canyon Dam would play out in the context of the Colorado River Compact, which dictates that the Upper Basinย โ€œnot cause the flow of the river at Lee Ferry to be depleted below an aggregate of 75 million acre-feetโ€ย for any 10-year period. Thereโ€™s a high likelihood that the 10-year aggregate flow will drop below 75 maf in the next year, giving Arizona possible grounds to sue and putting the interpretation of the clause into the hands of the Supreme Court.

Here are a few more details from the final EIS:

  • Glen Canyon Dam annual releases, which will be determined on Oct. 1, will range from 6 maf to 12 maf. This could drop as low as 5 maf if necessary to defend the โ€œde facto deadpoolโ€ Lake Powell surface level of 3,500 feet. That would reduce flows in the Grand Canyon to below 7,000 cubic feet per second, and cause Lake Mead to drop further.

  • The maximum shortages/cuts for the Lower Basin would be 3.6 maf distributed as such:
  • Arizona: 1.96 maf
  • California: .9 maf
  • Nevada .21 maf
  • Estimated shortage impacts by water user type under various shortage conditions:

Lower Basin 2027-2028:
Tribal: 209-346 kaf
Domestic: 313-858 kaf
Non-Tribal Irrigation: 2-70 kaf

Lower Basin (2029-later)
Tribal: 241-576 kaf
Domestic: 277-1,472 kaf
Non-Tribal Irrigation: 6-829 kaf

  • Acreage range of Indian Trust lands in the Lower Basin that would be fallowed under various shortage conditions:

AZ: 6,535 to 67,375
CA:ย 0
NV: 0

  • An alarming quote about how junior water rights holders are going to face shortages no matter what:ย Under the preferred alternative, โ€œโ€ฆ for all Arizona, California, and Nevada junior entitlements (AZ CAP NIA-A and NIA-B; AZ CAP Indian, M&I, and 4(I); CA P4; and NV P8 priority groups) there are no potential futures in which >80% of normal domestic water delivery occurs.โ€
  • Lower Basin Tribal water users withย present perfected rightsย would receive at least 80% of normal water deliveries in at least 90% of years across 2027-2039.
Glen Canyon Institute Executive Director Eric Balken observing the Cathedral. Photo credit: Glen Canyon Institute
  • During 75% of years under preferred alternative, Lake Powellโ€™s level would be below 3,550 feet during at least 90% of months, meaning Cathedral in the Desert would be visible and accessible.

The EISโ€™s authors summed up the challenges with all of this โ€” and the perils that may lie ahead โ€” in one paragraph, writing:


A Colorado River glossary and primer — Jonathan P. Thompson


Map of the Colorado River drainage basin, created using USGS data. By Shannon1 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0

#ClimateChange made the Westโ€™s snow drought far more likelyโ€”but itโ€™s still not the new normal — Mitch Tobin (WaterDesk.org)

Last winterโ€™s meager snowpack near Silverton, Colorado, on March 14, 2026. Researchers analyzed Western snowpack data from the next day, March 15, to assess the influence of climate change on the historic snow drought and to project how future warming could affect the likelihood of similar events. Photo: Mitch Tobin/The Water Desk.

Click the link to read the article on The Water Desk website (Mitch Tobin):

August 3, 2026

The American Westโ€™s historic snow drought in 2026 depressed skiers, heightened wildfire risks and constrained already scarce water supplies. 

Was this extreme event just a stroke of bad luck in a region where snowfall naturally varies from year to year? 

Or did the record-low snowpack bear the fingerprints of climate change?

new study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences concludes that global warming more than quadrupled the odds of the Westโ€™s snow drought when compared to the preindustrial climate, before human greenhouse gas emissions began heating the planet.

In the Upper Colorado River Basin, where snowmelt supplies most of the water in a river that serves tens of millions of people and irrigates millions of acres of farmland, climate changeโ€™s estimated influence was even greater. Researchers concluded the snow drought was about 14 times more likely, although that estimate is more uncertain because the event was so exceptionally rare, even in todayโ€™s warmer world. 

Looking ahead, scientists project that snow deficits as extreme as the Westโ€™s 2026 drought could become the norm by the end of the century if emissions continue to climb.

In the 2020s, a Westwide snow drought as bad as last seasonโ€™s has about a 1-in-10 chance of occurring each year, so itโ€™s still not the new normal. But the odds rise dramatically under the โ€œmoderately highโ€ emissions scenario used in the study: the annual probability more than triples to about 1-in-3 by the 2050s and soars to nearly 9-in-10 in the 2090s.

Hydrologist Adrienne Marshall. Source: Colorado School of Mines.

I spoke with the studyโ€™s lead author, Adrienne Marshall, a hydrologist and assistant professor at the Colorado School of Mines. Excerpts from our July 23 conversation are below, edited lightly for clarity and brevity.

โ€œWhere we are is serious,โ€ Marshall said. But she emphasized that a West where profound snow droughts are routine is not a fait accompli, because future greenhouse gas emissions are not set in stone. 

โ€œThese are not predictions of what will happen in the future,โ€ Marshall said. โ€œI think this type of work is most useful if it is motivational and not discouraging.โ€

How would you summarize the most important findings of the study?

I think our most important findings here are that we were able to look at the extent to which this last yearโ€™s unusually low snow conditions were attributable to human-caused climate change. 

We found that across the Western U.S., the low snow conditions we saw were about four and a half times more likely because of climate change that weโ€™ve experienced to date. That is equivalent to a water volume thatโ€™s about the size of Lake Mead. If we think about a rare event in a world without human-caused climate change and a rare event in the world weโ€™re living in, the amount of snow weโ€™re missing is about the size of Lake Mead. 

In the Upper Colorado River Basin, the snow drought was more extreme, so we find a higher โ€œrisk ratio,โ€ meaning an increased probability due to human-caused climate change.

Did these findings surprise you?

The thing that surprised me was the magnitude. I wasnโ€™t surprised to see that these events seemed to be attributable to human-caused climate change. I was a little bit surprised to see numbers that were quite as big as they were.

The study says that climate change made the snow drought about 4.4 times more likely. Could you explain that further? What exactly does that mean?

To dig into what that โ€œmore likelyโ€ means, people might have heard before of things like a 100-year rainfall event or a 100-year flood event, where we can say we would expect an event like this one to have maybe a 1% chance of happening each year. That would be a 100-year event. 

So we took that approach with unusually low snow conditions. We used some models that were run for the 1850 to 1900 period, so thatโ€™s our period without human-caused climate change. And we saw that, in that period, the snow conditions we had this year wouldโ€™ve been about a 1-in-30-year event. Then when we use those same models for about a 20-year period encompassing the world weโ€™re living in now, we see itโ€™s about a 1-in-7 event. And then we divide those two numbers, so 30 divided by about seven, to get that approximately four and a half times more likely value.

Skiers at Purgatory Resort in southwest Colorado on February 8, 2026. Photo: Mitch Tobin/The Water Desk.

Why is climate change making snow droughts like this much more likely?

In the most basic sense, there are two things that can cause snow drought. One is warm temperatures, and then the other one is just not getting any precipitation at all. So when we have warm temperatures, we get precip that falls as rain rather than snow. 

When we think about the impacts of climate change, we have a lot of certainty about increasing temperatures. We have very good evidence that temperatures have increased, and models agree really well that they expect temperatures to continue to increase. That also aligns with our basic physical understanding of the Earth system. 

Precipitation is a lot more uncertain, so itโ€™s harder to see clear trends in winter precipitation so far, and models tend to disagree more about how we think precipitation will changeโ€”at least in the Western U.S. So when we think about the impacts on snow, those warming temperatures giving us less snow are kind of a really clear climate signal while the uncertainty in the precipitation can muddy the waters, relatively speaking.

With this snow drought, it sounds like it was really primarily driven by temperature.

We havenโ€™t quantified what was the contribution of temperature versus precip. But if we look at what was happening across the West this year, temperatures were really unusually high over much of the winter, with sort of an extraordinary heat wave in March. Precipitation was low, but not extraordinary across most of the Southwest. And then as we look up into the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, we tend to see precipitation that was a little bit above average up there. Temperature: kind of extraordinary. Precipitation: more within a range of variability that weโ€™re used to seeing.

Source: National Integrated Drought Information System.

The date you used was March 15. We often hear about people using April 1 as the key milestone for snow water equivalent (a measure of the snowpackโ€™s water content). Why did you use March 15? 

We used March 15, in large part, because this year it looks like that was approximately peak snow water equivalentโ€”when we sum up how much snow was sitting there across the West. We thought that was a useful indicator of how much snow does a water manager have to work with, even if it was earlier than usual. I think doing the same analysis with April 1 would be interesting, too. The statistics get a little bit more challenging for more rare events. Because of that March heat wave, I think that we would see that April 1 snow would likely have been even more extreme, which could make the statistics a little bit more challengingโ€”increase uncertainty, essentially.

The study also looks specifically at the Upper Colorado River Basin. Could you explain what the findings were for that portion of the West?

In the Upper Colorado River Basin, this event was especially extreme. Snow was really particularly low. Our best estimate here is that, in the world weโ€™re living in now, the snow conditions this year were about a 1-in-140-year event in the Upper Colorado River Basin, so quite rare. In the world without anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change, we think that it wouldโ€™ve been maybe a 1-in-2,300-year event. Once we start estimating events quite that rare, we get big uncertainty ranges. Then when we divide those two, we see that in the Upper Colorado River Basin, we think that this event was about 14 times more likely because of human-caused climate change. But there our uncertainty is really large.

The Gold Mountain Fire burns near Ridgway, Colorado, on July 1, 2026. Photo: Mitch Tobin/The Water Desk.

The study also looks ahead to the future and the climate continuing to warm. What should we expect going forward?

These results were quite sobering. We look at what we would expect to happen in a moderately high greenhouse gas emissions scenario. What we see is for the Western U.S., we estimate that an event this bad had about a 10% chance of occurring each year in the 2020s. By the time we get to the 2050s, that slightly more than triples. So every year we would have about a 30% chance of having snow at least this low. And then by the 2090s, that becomes 87% of years, so we would expect that most of the time the snow would be at least this low Western U.S.-wide. In the Upper Colorado River Basin, we also see increases, but because this event was so extreme, we never see it becoming the norm in the 21st century. 

The really important caveat here is that these are not predictions of what will happen in the future. These are our estimates of what we would expect in a particular greenhouse gas emissions scenario. And there are other greenhouse gas emission scenarios that are better. We could emit fewer greenhouse gases than this and do better than what these projections suggest.

It seems like pretty clear evidence for the benefit of reducing emissions for the snowpack.

The analysis Iโ€™d like to do is to look at the other scenarios and say, โ€œOK, how much better would it be?โ€ We donโ€™t quite have the data to make exactly that apples-to-apples comparison at the moment, but thereโ€™s ways to pursue that . . . Based on our understanding of this system, I would strongly expect that if we look at a lower-emissions scenario, we would not see those probabilities climb quite so high.

We often hear the question, โ€œIs this the new norm or is this the new normal?โ€ These data suggest that itโ€™s not right now. Western U.S.-wide, it could be by end of century. So I do look at that and think, โ€œLetโ€™s try to avoid that.โ€ย  [ed. emphasis mine]

Low water at Blue Mesa Reservoir, along Coloradoโ€™s Gunnison River, on July 1, 2026. Photo: Mitch Tobin/The Water Desk.

What do you hope the public and decision-makers take away from this study and the projections?

Thereโ€™s three big takeaways I have in mind. One is that I hope itโ€™s clarifying in terms of where weโ€™re at right now in terms of the impacts of climate change. Itโ€™s relatively new that we can look at a specific snow year and say, โ€œHereโ€™s how much this was caused by anthropogenic climate change.โ€ 

The second impact is I hope itโ€™s useful for adaptation so that individuals and utilities and water managers can look at this snow year and think seriously about what we might like to do to adapt to more snow years like this. 

And then the third thing is to help motivate us to see if we can push emissions trajectories downwards and do what we can to avoid having more snow years like this to the extent possible.

To learn more about the opposite of snow droughtsโ€”known as snow delugesโ€”see my 2024 Q&Awith Marshall about her research on Californiaโ€™s epic snowpack during the 2022-2023 winter.

This story was produced and distributed by The Water Desk at the University of Colorado Boulderโ€™s Center for Environmental Journalism.

Upper Colorado River basins. (The border of Wyoming and Colorado is mislabeled.) (U.S. BOR)

#Aurora using smart meters to crack down on lawn watering violators — Michael Booth (Fresh Water News) #SouthPlatteBasin

South Platte River Basin via Wikipedia

Click the link to read the article on the Water Education Colorado website (Michael Booth):

August 5, 2026

Aurora Water doesnโ€™t much care which two days in a week you water your lawn, amid this historic drought.

But if your irrigation system starts up on a third day in the same week, the water world equivalent of a Flock camera is watching. The โ€œsmartโ€ meters on every Aurora property automatically sense a spike in water use, and alert Aurora Water to confirm the violation and send out a warning or fine.

With updates at 15-minute intervals, the meters also detect irrigation watering during hot daytime hours when thatโ€™s against the rules.

The water surveillance, which Aurora Water officials acknowledge many of their customers might not realize exists, is one key to Coloradoโ€™s third-largest city so far achieving its water-saving goals in a year with record-low snowpack and abysmal streamflows into mountain reservoirs. Aurora says its 400,000 residents are using 27% less lawn water than in 2025, and managed a 9% cut from combined indoor and outdoor use.

Maintaining or even improving those savings is crucial as Aurora Waterโ€™s reservoir system sits at 49% full at a time when it should be above 80%.

Denver Water, meanwhile, has seen only about a 5% cut of water use compared with its previous five-year average among 1.5 million city and suburban customers. When Denver Water enacted twice-a-week watering restrictions in the spring, it set a target of a 20% cut from five-year average use.

Denverโ€™s customers are doing better when using Auroraโ€™s comparison with 2025 only, Denver officials said.

โ€œVersus 2025, total water use is currently down about 7% and outdoor use is down about 16%,โ€ said Travis Thompson, Denver Water communications manager.

The stateโ€™s largest water agency says it is encouraged by other statistics showing customers are using 21% less lawn water than they would have expected in the run of 95- to 100-degree days the Front Range experienced in July. In a summer that sits in the top 1% hottest and driest on record, the agency says, thatโ€™s a laudable savings mark.

One difference: Aurora Water spent millions of dollars in capital getting smart meters on every customer tap, while Denver Water chose to spend more of its capital speeding up replacement of aging, dangerous lead water delivery lines. Denverโ€™s enforcement of drought restrictions to date has relied on thousands of neighbor complaints about properties watering more than twice a week, during restricted daytime hours or other violations.

โ€œWe have a far bigger tool than they have for being able to detect when people are using water irrigation water when theyโ€™re not supposed to,โ€ said Shonnie Cline, Aurora Waterโ€™s deputy director of water internal and external relations.

Watchdog groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union in the past have raised questions about privacy invasions from smart home devices, including electric and water meters monitored by utilities. Especially by combining information from multiple meters, hackers or other bad actors could watch patterns and learn when people are home or away, are cooking, taking showers or other personal habits.

Cline said a better analogy than a controversial Flock camera is to see a smart water meter as a personal fitness tracker. โ€œIt gives you data and you are able to identify patterns that can improve your overall health if you make changes,โ€ Cline said.

Aurora points out the smart meters for every customer work both ways, as a protection from leaks and potential property damage. Customers are able to log on and track their own use at the same time the city sees it, and could recognize a home leak while away on vacation, for example. During droughts, the meters will be one key to helping maintain reservoir storage for the benefit of the whole community, Cline said.

โ€œThere is a definite footprint that goes along with the data that indicates irrigation is taking place,โ€ Cline said. โ€œWe have that pretty locked in where we can see when somebodyโ€™s irrigating, and so thatโ€™s why itโ€™s interesting, because even when we send a warning, people are like, โ€˜But I didnโ€™t!โ€™ And then weโ€™ll show them the data, and theyโ€™re like, โ€˜OK, I canโ€™t argue with you, right?โ€™ โ€œ

Denver Water, while enjoying higher water storage rates at its mountain reservoirs that have seen better snowpack, is not satisfied with customer savings rates and is now shifting somewhat from โ€œeducationโ€ to โ€œenforcementโ€ mode.

Denver had sent out nearly 3,600 warning letters but only five fines by the beginning of August. Fines will ramp up now that customers know what the rules are and Denver Water knows more about where the problem customers are, officials said.

Aurora Water, by contrast, has issued 234 fines after sending out more than 2,500 warning letters, including 10 of the highest $2,000 fines to businesses and large irrigation consumers. Only three customers were issued a second fine at the $250 residential level, Aurora Water said, and none had been issued a third fine. Auroraโ€™s fines total more than $70,000.

Now that Denver Water has weeks of data on actual water use during drought restrictions, the agency can focus its communications on suburban areas with bigger lawns that havenโ€™t cut back, said Greg Fisher, the utilityโ€™s manager of demand planning. Some of those suburban customers have no idea itโ€™s Denver Water that collects their mountain runoff and delivers it to their local water utilities.

With only 5,000 advanced meters installed for 250,000 taps, Fisher said, word of mouth enforcement confirmed by onsite visits from Denver Water employees will continue to be the standard for warnings and fines.

โ€œWe continue to rely on, and I think itโ€™s a pretty inventive idea, of letting our customers report water waste violations,โ€ he said. โ€œEven with the water people out on the street, we canโ€™t be everywhere. So giving our customers the ability to report has been pretty powerful and I think effective for us.โ€

Denver Water officials do not anticipate asking their board this season to approve the next drought stage that would take lawn watering down to one day a week and add other restrictions. Denver Water would have to change its rate structure again to charge more for lawn watering that does occur to make up for loss of revenue from restrictions.

Plus, the utility thinks itโ€™s a longer-term challenge to convince customers to change habits and stay โ€œon boardโ€ with drought restrictions in the middle of what could be a multiyear crisis, Fisher said.

โ€œWe have a long game,โ€ Fisher said. โ€œThis thingโ€™s going to last a minimum of 12 more months, in my opinion, save for some sort of record-breaking snowfall this winter. So weโ€™re in it for the long haul. I think we need to continue to up the message as we see conditions change. But at the same time, we really need to support our customers and have them stick with us for that extended period.โ€

People are capable of change, Denver Water officials said. The last drought this severe for Front Range customers was 2002.

โ€œOur customers are using 100 million gallons less per day this year than they did in 2002, which is just stunning,โ€ Fisher said. โ€œAnd that translates to being actually 14% higher in our reservoir storage now than we were in 2002, because of our customersโ€™ efficiency efforts over the last quarter century. Weโ€™re feeling really good about that. And thatโ€™s with significantly more population โ€ฆ 200 to 250,000 more people.โ€

More by Michael Booth

Romancing the River: Let us gather by the riverโ€ฆ. — George Sibley (SibleysRivers.com) #GunnisonRiver

Sunrise at the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River. Photo credit: Connie Rudd

Click the link to read the article on the Sibley’s Rivers website (George Sibley):

July 28, 2026

Every so often it just seems like a good idea to drop out of the wrangling over the future of water in the arid west and โ€“ just go down to the river itself. A good friend abetted this by taking me along on a float down the lower Gorge of the Gunnison River. My friend was fishing; I was just along for the ride, and reflecting on my 60th anniversary of first moving to the Gunnison River valleys and the Colorado River Basin in 1966.

The Gunnison Gorge is a Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Area just downstream from the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River National Park. In 1966 I was โ€“ typically for a posturban American โ€“ unaware of where in the world I was, and didnโ€™t know that the Gunnison River is one of the larger tributaries of the Colorado River, meeting the river in Grand Junction, Colorado, with a median contribution there of around 1.5 million acre-feet of water, with around another million acre-feet consumed by users in the Gunnison Basin, mostly for agriculture. This year, the river carries a fraction of that, less than a fourth of what passed for โ€˜normalโ€™ through the 20thcentury.

Like most upper Colorado River tributaries, the Gunnison River alternates for most of its course between settled green mountain floodplain valleys, and canyons through which highways or railways might connect the valleys but otherwise humankind remains a visitor. The Gunnisonโ€™s Black Canyon is one of the steepest, deepest and narrowest canyons in the world, through which no highways or railways pass, and only a handful of adventurers float and swim through just to prove they can.

But the terrain levels out a little in the 14 miles of the Gunnison Gorge, creating long stretches of relatively broad slow-flowing stream, interrupted by rapids where side streams plunge in or rock falls have happened, creating a haven for fish and a gold-medal mecca for fishermen. Much of the Gorge is as narrow as the upstream canyon; dark rock walls on both sides rise steeply several hundred feet through most of it, with sand bars here and there for overnight camps and lunch stops. And everywhere in and along the river there are random rocks, ranging in size from a medicine ball to a small house; looking up the walls, one sees that more are awaiting some signal nudge to break off and fall, making one wonder what kind of mini-tsunami effect would happen if a raft were going by when a big one fellโ€ฆ.

This is all what we call beautiful (recording it on our phones), but there is something else in these Gunnison canyons that goes beyond the pastoral scenic. You can get some of it in Connie Ruddโ€™s sunrise image of the Black Canyon above. (Connie Rudd was superintendent of the Black Canyon National Park for a number of years.) The rock in the Black Canyon is not really black, but much of it is shadowed most of the time โ€“ not black so much as noir. The image shows the feature known as โ€˜The Painted Wall,โ€™ due to its multicolored nature, but none of that is painted on; the river has exposed a cross-section of metamorphic rock that has been roiled, rolled, twisted, tilted, split and overturned, always under great pressure from earth layered on above and great heat from earthโ€™s core hell. Rock that has had a hard life, not a comforting thought looking up at the walls from river level.

How did such a canyon system come to be? Gunnison Country geologist Tom Prather suggested that the Gunnison River, snowmelt from the already old Southern Rockies, had set its course looking as water does for the easiest routes through several hundred feet of fused volcanic ash from San Juan volcanoes to the south โ€“ on top of fused volcanic mud from the West Elk volcano to the north. And with its course already set in that stone, the forming river encountered the southern edge of a big blorp of metamorphic rock that was โ€“ well, just there. So rather than continuing to develop the open wide-V valley that most rivers are known for, the Gunnison River was captured by the hard rock with nothing to do but to cut an ever-deeper canyon that stayed steep and narrow with great hardrock walls in the Gunnison Riverโ€™s Black Canyon and Gorge.

I am personally fascinated, in Ruddโ€™s image, by how it shows the relative thickness of life as a layer contrasted with the geological layers. Look at the scrubby pinion-juniper and oak on the top of the Painted Wall. To call that layer of life on that mass of rock โ€˜skin-deepโ€™ is almost an exaggeration. Our fossil-fueled efforts have expanded the layer of life to the seven miles or so above earthโ€™s surface where we regularly fly, and the mile or so beneath the surface where we go to mine things we think we need, with nothing but microbial/incipient life above or below that. So life on earth occupies a layer 1/1,000th the diameter of the planet. If we remove fossil energy from the equation, the layer of earth and atmosphere occupied by life is probably measurable in thousands of feet rather than miles, less in total than a rounding error in the scale of the planet.

Weโ€™ve all heard the saying, โ€˜beauty is only skin-deep.โ€™ But life is only skin-deep on the planet โ€“ โ€˜beautyโ€™ is a term that works well in evaluations within that thin skin (as Connie Ruddโ€™s image of the Painted Wall at sunrise is beautiful in its execution). But to be down in it, floating past rocks the size of small autos that came off those walls towering above โ€“ whatโ€™s there is some unarticulated and dynamic mystery beyond beauty. Maybe โ€˜awesomeโ€™ worked descriptively before that became a standard response to questions like โ€˜want to go for a beer?โ€™ Maybe โ€˜Magnificent.โ€™ โ€˜Stupendous.โ€™ Or maybe just โ€˜brutal,โ€™ if youโ€™re floating along beneath it all; we donโ€™t really get into its mystery until weโ€™ve put it in terms in which we can feel something of the pain or ecstacy of whatโ€™s happened there.

Down in places like the Gorge that are beyond mere beauty and other โ€˜surfaceโ€™ evaluations, I find my mind being stretched to the elastic limit over a concept like โ€˜nature.โ€™ Or โ€˜god.โ€™ The majority of us seem to be beyond a thoroughly churched โ€˜godโ€™ (or panel of gods) as the creative force in the planet and its layer of life, but many of us seem to have just transferred to โ€˜natureโ€™ that belief in some creative/destructive force larger than ourselves.

But it is not possible โ€“ for me, at any rate โ€“ to look up at these crumbling walls of tortured rock, some with trees struggling to grow in cracks in the rock until the roots split off the rock and tree and rock go in the river below with a wave that would smash a passing raft and its vacartioning passengers against the far wall โ€“ I canโ€™t look at all of this and think of a loving โ€˜mother nature,โ€™ a wisdom font of the sort we seem to want โ€˜natureโ€™ to be, ultimately in charge of everything โ€“ thatโ€™s as hard as it is/was to look at โ€˜creationโ€™ and imagine a โ€˜father god.โ€™

Can we have creation without a designated creator โ€“ โ€˜god(s)โ€™ or โ€˜natureโ€™? All the โ€˜naturalโ€™ evidence I see points that way. In nature, life just happens, unfolds, evolves as it will or can: things just keep happening in what we call โ€˜nature,โ€™ and when something happens, everything it happens to responds in some way โ€“ engages with it, absorbs or incorporates it, attacks it, tries to ignore it, sometimes succumbs to it, sometimes evicts it, and the whole incredible mishmash of life changing to adapt to things happening goes on. Sometimes what happens is something not happening, like a winterโ€™s worth of snow not arriving, but itโ€™s the same process: everything that this happens to responds in some way (some by also not happening)โ€ฆ. Life happens, and the living respond, and what happened (or didnโ€™t) becomes part of life, in which things keep happening, on and onโ€ฆ.

And to the extent to which old things happen in new places, to new groupings of living things with new responses and new outcomes, the process is creative, creation โ€“ sometimes creative destruction, but creation is not judgmental; creation just happens โ€“ as any mendicant poet or painter knows, trying to โ€˜look strange-eyed at the mindless worldโ€™ for the โ€˜dry sticks to turn to goldโ€™ (thank you, Grendel).

That seems like the โ€˜nature of natureโ€™ to me, and the nature of creation โ€“ and it has nothing to do with some set way that things are supposed to be. Thereโ€™s no Garden of Eden/prelapsarian wilderness which we have destroyed or been ejected from; we still have all the indifferent wildness we can handle with the undomesticated Trumps, corporations and other weeds that grow out of the cracks of civilizationโ€™s pavement. American predatory capitalism is happening to the whole planet now, and everything on the planet, including its enshrouding atmosphere, is beginning to respond to that, seldom with appreciation.

Or so it seemed anyway, floating down the Gorge, in a protected wilderness park with nothing much to do but go with the flow and think about the life happening around me. One thing a water nerd like myself would of course think about, in thinking about the life happening around us, was the flow of the river that floated our raft. I knew the river was flowing at 300-350 cubic feet per second  (cfs) through the Black Canyon and the Gorge; that flow was decreed as a year-round water right back in 2009 with priority to 1933 โ€“ along with an annual โ€˜spring floodโ€™ flow for a short period usually in May, the volume depending on the depth of the mountain snowpack. Despite wilderness status for the Gorge and the โ€™naturalโ€™ appearance of everything there, the quantity of water flowing through is tightly controlled via releases from three dams upstream.

Aspinall Unit dams

A week or two after our float, the Bureau of Reclamation began cutting the flow to 200 cfs in response to the โ€˜creative destructionโ€™ of the winter of 2026 that was happening. This reduction is happening mostly to protect the viability of the reservoirs from whence the water issues, but the riverโ€™s response to it will be to make some of the rapids in the Gorge more interesting (less water, more rock), and it may shut down the fishing (and some of the fish) as the remaining water warms to the point of endangering aquatic life.

We do have to face the fact that many, maybe most of our vaunted achievements as a civilization have not made life in the long run โ€“ even the medium run โ€“ better for ourselves and a lot of the rest of the planetโ€™s life in a very basic way. And it seems to me we would probably do better at it if we could get away from the idea that some โ€˜god as a parentโ€™ or โ€˜mother natureโ€™ is going to show us The Way. The Way is still evolving, happening day by day, happening by happening. Itโ€™s truly dieu et la nature parmi nous, โ€˜god and nature among usโ€™; someday maybe weโ€™ll evolve enough to see that realizing either god or nature (making them real) is up to us, if we can come to collaborative execution as effective as our imagination. And we may do better there if we stopped looking and listening for god or nature as an already written book, and did more stopping, looking and listening for our own likely impacts before bulling ahead the way we usually do in the name of god or nature. Like it or not, we are probably writing the book, with a lot of the Old Testament chaos of false starts and backslides.

A line from a movie whose name Iโ€™ve forgotten came to my mind down in the Gunnison Gorge, a movie that ends (as I recall) in a lifeboat with the boat captain encouraging his rowers, โ€˜Pull for the horizon, boys; itโ€™s better than nothing.โ€™ A message of hope, as I remember, which should never be confused with optimism.

Okay โ€“ next post Iโ€™ll get back to the larger river and its challenges. Meanwhile, I hope all of you get some time to just irresponsibly drift this summer, like me in the Gunnison Gorge, and think about how life happens, and maybe some better responses we might all try to learn, better together.


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Map of the Gunnison River drainage basin in Colorado, USA. Made using public domain USGS data. By Shannon1 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69257550

#Arizona cities will likely get less #ColoradoRiver water. Hereโ€™s why they wonโ€™t go dry — KJZZ #COriver #aridification

Valley cities have spent years preparing for Colorado River shortages and say they are prepared to keep water flowing even under major federal cutbacks. Photo credit: Ted Wood/The Water Desk

Click the link to read the article on the KJZZ website (Alex Hager):

August 4, 2026

Colorado River shortages are no surprise. Climate change and drought have been steadily cutting into water supplies for about 26 years. Various plans to rein in demand have emerged throughout that time, and new cutbacks have been in the works for more than a year. The amount of water that each Valley city gets from the Colorado River varies significantly from city to city, but the majority receive at least some. Some cities are more prepared than others to weather todayโ€™s drier conditions, but most have at least some plan to deal with new Colorado River reductions. The Interior Department set the table for new cuts on Friday [July 31, 2026],ย laying out the framework of a planย that would allow the federal government to cut the Colorado River supply for Arizona, California and Nevada by up to 40%…A second announcement, which may come in the next few days, will deliver specifics about the size of cuts to the Phoenix area in 2027 and 2028.

Regardless of their scale, city leaders say they will be able to keep taps running.Like any good investor, most utility managers have focused on diversifying their portfolios. Essentially, the more different sources of water that flow to a city, the more it can tolerate cuts to one of those sources. In the Valley, that primarily means getting water from underground aquifers and the Salt River. Underground stores of water,ย pulled up by a system of wells, are carefully managed under state law and can give cities a backup in times of shortage on the surface. In some cases, water agencies have been taking excess water from the Colorado River for years and adding it to the underground stash, with the idea that it could be retrieved in times like these…In July, the Arizona Water Banking Authority announced that it willย use its stored waterto make utilities whole in the event of cutbacks to their supplies from the Colorado River…Older, larger cities also tend to have more money for the kind of expensive engineering that can help diversify a water portfolio. For example, Phoenix is buildingย a massive, high-tech water treatment plantย that can safely recycle sewage back into purified drinking water. Major cities around the West are betting big on the technology to help withstand drought and climate change in the long term. Phoenix aims to send water from the $350 million facility into city pipes in early 2029. Cities that use water from the Salt River system are contributing to a multibillion-dollar expansion of Bartlett Dam, which holds back Bartlett Lake. In recent years, after particularly snowy winters, the river has provided more water than the reservoir can hold. A larger dam, cities say, would help them capture, store and use more water from the Salt River system in the future. For cities that lack diverse water portfolios and the kind of money needed for massive engineering projects, thereโ€™s a way for them to benefit from the cities that do. In April, as Colorado River cuts were becoming imminent, the city of Phoenixย announced a new water transfer programย called the โ€œSecure Water Arizona Programโ€, or SWAP. Details are still emerging about how it would work, but it promises to connect cities that have water to cities that need water…Other water transfers, both in Arizona and across state lines, may be a big part of the long-term plan for cities and towns in the Valley. For example, farms may find it lucrative to sell some of their supplies to fast-growing cities in the metro that are willing to pay top dollar. Native American tribes, which often hold large, powerful legal rights to access the Colorado River, may also be willing to sell. A $5 billion settlement deal is currently in the works toย give three Arizona tribes more accessย to their Colorado River water. If it passes, they could also gain the ability to lease their water to cities far from their reservations. Desalination, a high-tech process that can turn salty ocean water into pure, drinkable fresh water, has long been a tempting proposition for water-short cities. High costs and major logistical challenges mean that Arizona is unlikely to build its own desalination plant anytime soon, but a transfer program could allow it to benefit from an already-operational desalination facility. The Central Arizona Project and a handful of other water agencies around the region areย exploring a dealย to exchange water rights with a desalination facility in Carlsbad, California.

Arizona Rivers Map via Geology.com.

#Drought news August 6, 2026: A new patch the worst drought classification (D4) was brought into northwestern #Nebraska and another introduced in part of the Denver Metro Area

Click on a thumbnail graphic to view a gallery of drought data from the US Drought Monitor website.

Click the link to go to the US Drought Monitor website. Here’s an excerpt:

This Week’s Drought Summary

Moderate to heavy rain fell on almost all areas of dryness and drought along the Eastern Seaboard, improving conditions across large swaths of the region. Numerous locations experienced inundating rains and flooding, but drought conditions in some areas have been securely entrenched, limiting the amount of improvement introduced due to continuing impacts such as reduced water supplies, low groundwater, and similar hydrologic concerns.

Heavy to excessive rains also fell on some areas of dryness and drought farther west, from the central and northeastern Great Plains eastward through much of the Great Lakes Region and Lower Ohio Valley, prompting a few swaths of improvement there. But while heavy rains broadly affected the Eastern Seaboard and the Midwest, there were a few regions that missed the heavier amounts, leaving conditions essentially unchanged or even allowing for some deterioration. Temperatures averaging 6 to locally 12 deg F above normal in parts of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Great Plains, along with unusually low relative humidity across much of the Dakotas and Nebraska, accelerated surface moisture loss.

To the south, heavy rain was not as widespread across the Lower Mississippi Valley, the southern half of the Great Plains, and most of the High Plains. Still, moderate rains were not uncommon here, and there were isolated heavy amounts topping 2 inches. Thus, a variable pattern featuring areas of both deterioration and improvement was observed, with many locations essentially unchanged. Precipitation was markedly deficient from southern Kansas southward through much of Texas, resulting in broad areas of deterioration. Most of these areas were also warmer than normal, although humidity was not lacking. Much of the Texas Panhandle averaged 6 to 9 deg F above normal for the week. Other parts of this region were not as extreme, but most sites still averaged somewhat warmer than normal

From the Rockies westward, precipitation was sparse. Moderate amounts, with isolated totals over 2 inches, fell in association with the Southwest monsoon across portions of New Mexico and Arizona. Over the remainder of the West, scattered areas recorded several tenths of an inch to slightly over an inch across the Rockies and far Pacific Northwest, but most places recorded light precipitation at best. Very little rain fell across the Intermountain West, Great Basin, the interior Pacific Northwest, and California, although this is a dry time of year for many of those areas. Temperatures were above normal outside the Pacific Northwest

Dryness and heat intensified through most of Puerto Rico, with some areas recording one of the driest Julys on record. Hawaii and Alaska saw some new areas of abnormal dryness develop, along with moderate drought in extreme southeast Alaska…

High Plains

Conditions varied significantly across the High Plains Region last week. Heavy rains of 2 to 5 inches with isolated higher amounts fell on northeastern South Dakota, a large part of northern and eastern Nebraska, and northeastern Kansas. Moderate to heavy amounts were observed elsewhere across the eastern and central sections of the Dakotas and Nebraska, southern and north-central and east-central Kansas, southeastern and the higher elevations farther west in Colorado, and patches of central and northern Wyoming and the western Dakotas. In the some of the drier parts of the region across North Dakota, central and western South Dakota, and western Nebraska, unusually hot weather accompanied the relatively low rainfall amounts. For the last 30 days, these locations generally averaged 4 to 8 deg F above normal, with a few spots in the western Dakotas and adjacent parts of Wyoming and Nebraska reporting 30-day average temperatures 8 to 10 deg F above normal. This included a few spells of extreme heat with high temperatures over 100 deg F. At the same time, relative humidity has been unusually low. Many areas across eastern Wyoming, western South Dakota, and adjacent Nebraska reported 4-week relative humidity averaging among the driest 10 percent of historic observations for the time period, and a few isolated spots were as dry as the lower 2 percent of historical observations. Less remarkable but still consistently below-normal relative humidity has prevailed over most of the region from the central Dakotas and Nebraska westward, along with most of Colorado. The dichotomy of conditions between eastern and western reaches of the Region is reflected in the changes introduced in the Drought Monitor this week. Most of North Dakota, the western half of South Dakota, and parts of northeastern Wyoming, western Nebraska, and northeastern Colorado saw conditions deteriorate, as did southern Kansas adjacent to Oklahoma. Meanwhile, eastern South Dakota, central through eastern Nebraska, southeastern Colorado, and western Wyoming notched sizeable areas of improvement. A new patch the worst drought classification (D4) was brought into northwestern Nebraska and another introduced in part of the Denver Metro Area. Existing areas of D4 remained intact in the Nebraska Panhandle, east-central Colorado, south-central and interior western Colorado. A majority of Wyoming and Colorado remain entrenched in D3, as do western reaches of Nebraska and South Dakota along with a few scattered locales farther south and east. In contrast, dryness has been entirely removed from sizeable parts of southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the east-central Dakotas…

Colorado Drought Monitor one week change map ending August 4, 2026.

West

Areas of moderate to locally heavy rain, at least partially driven by a mature monsoon circulation, were observed across much of southern and eastern New Mexico, southeastern Arizona, the higher elevations of central Arizona, and a few scattered patches stretching from southern Utah northward through southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, and eastern Montana. A few swatches received similar amounts in western Washington. Other locations recorded little or no precipitation, although this is not uncommon during summer across much of California and the Far West. Conditions across southeastern Idaho and southern Montana have been exacerbated by temperatures averaging 6 to 10 deg F above normal during the past 30 days, including a few days of intense heat. Near- or below-normal temperatures during this period were restricted to the Pacific Northwest, central and northern California, and western Nevada. Relative humidity has been seasonably low during this period. The dry and hot conditions are not too out of character for July across California, Nevada, and southern Oregon, with drought designations unchanged from last week. Farther north, the lack of winter snowpack despite ample winter precipitation is starting to take its toll, with increasing moisture shortages leading to degradations across eastern Washington, northwestern and eastern Oregon, much of the Idaho Panhandle, and parts of eastern Montana. Meanwhile, locally heavy precipitation over the past few weeks, enhanced by rain from a mature monsoonal circulation, prompted localized areas of improvement in west-central New Mexico, parts of southeastern Arizona and some higher elevations farther north in the state, and a few places scattered across Utah…

South

Moderate to heavy rain was fairly widespread across central and eastern Tennessee and the eastern half of Mississippi, although amounts exceeding 2 inches were mostly limited to north-central and southeastern Tennessee. Light rain (several tenths of an inch) with scattered higher totals were observed farther west across Arkansas and, to a lesser extent, Louisiana. Farther west, there were a few swaths of moderate to heavy rain in parts of northwestern Texas, eastern Oklahoma, and central to southwestern Texas, but most of these two states reported no measurable rain to a few tenths at best. Recently, very hot weather has baked the northern portion of this region from the Red River Valley and the Texas Panhandle northward. Temperatures averaged 1-3 deg F above normal in northeastern Texas, 3 to 6 deg F above normal across most of Oklahoma, and 5 to 9 deg F above normal in the Texas Panhandle. Portions of Deep South Texas were also warmer than their typical mid-summer temperatures. The dryness and heat have accelerated deterioration across Oklahoma and northern Texas, where many locations are seeing dying grass, depleted stream-fed and farm ponds, and increased fire danger. The past 30 days brought less than half of normal rain to most locations from the Texas Panhandle and the Red River Valley northward, with the driest areas (less than one-quarter of normal) covering the central and eastern Texas Panhandle, western and northern Oklahoma, and some regions near the Red River. Subnormal humidity at the same time also aggravated the situation in the Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma. As a result, drought degradation was widespread across most of Oklahoma and northern Texas, indicative of rapid surface moisture loss. Other areas of significant deterioration included western Texas, Deep South Texas, and western Arkansas. Abnormal dryness was also brought in to a few spots across Louisiana and Mississippi while more intensely dry conditions over portions of Arkansas and adjacent Mississippi were essentially unchanged. The past 30 days also brought less than half of normal rain to numerous locations across western and southern Texas, Arkansas, northern and eastern Louisiana, and central through southern Mississippi. Improvement was limited to portions of the wetter areas across eastern Tennessee…

Looking Ahead

During August 5-10, 2026, a decided lack of heavy rainfall is forecast across the Contiguous States. A few areas are expecting 1.5 to locally 3.0 inches of rain, but they are not extensive and include central Missouri, a few scattered patches along the Appalachians from western North Carolina to Upstate New York, isolated spots in southwestern Wisconsin and southwestern Michigan, and portions of central and west-central Florida. Totals of 1 to 2 inches are also possible in southeastern Arizona as well as some higher elevations in the state. Amounts exceeding an inch are also forecast across a large swath of Missouri and some adjacent areas, the southern Great Lakes and adjacent Mississippi Valley, most of western Pennsylvania, several areas in the Appalachians from northern Georgia through West Virginia, east-central Pennsylvania, portions of Upstate New York and adjacent Vermont, and the southern half of the Florida Peninsula. Scattered small patches across the central and eastern Gulf Coast, southeast and central Arizona, and northern New England may also record 1 to 1.5 inches. Other areas from the Mississippi Valley eastward are expecting light to moderate rain, with only a few tenths of an inch at best in much of the Lower Mississippi and Tennessee Valleys, southeastern Virginia, and adjacent North Carolina. Farther west, monsoonal moisture is expected to trigger light to locally moderate rains over parts of Arizona and New Mexico. Elsewhere from the central Great Plains westward, little or no precipitation is anticipated. Most of the country can expect near to above-normal temperatures during this period, especially over the Great Plains westward, where locations outside the Pacific Northwest and immediate West Coast are expected to record temperatures 5 to 11 deg. F above normal, with the greatest departures covering southern Kansas, the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles, most of Colorado, and some adjacent areas. Temperatures east of the Mississippi River are expected to be closer to normal, although a few areas are expected to record somewhat warmer than normal conditions. Temperatures should average 4 to 6 deg F above normal across the Tennessee and adjacent Lower Mississippi Valley, across parts of the Mid-Atlantic Region, and northern New England.

The 6- to 10-day outlook (August 11-15, 2026) at least marginally favors above-normal precipitation from the Southwest, Great Basin, and Intermountain West eastward into the Great Plains. The best chances for significantly above-normal precipitation (over 50 percent) cover areas expected to be under the influence of the Southwest monsoon, from Arizona through most of Utah, eastern Nevada, and the southeastern California deserts. Odds lean toward above-normal precipitation in most of the eastern half of the country as well, excepting only the northwestern Great Lakes and adjacent Mississippi Valley, the southeastern Great Plains, the Gulf Coast and adjacent locales, and the lower Eastern Seaboard south of the Carolinas and central Georgia. Across the Contiguous States, enhanced chances for subnormal rainfall are limited to the Florida Peninsula. In Alaska, near normal precipitation is expected in central parts of the state and across most of Southeast Alaska, with subnormal amounts nominally favored in far southeastern areas that where moderate drought newly emerged this week. Above-normal precipitation is expected over most of Hawaii outside Kauai, with the best chances (over 40 percent) covering most of the Big Island. Meanwhile, warmer than typical mid-August conditions are favored across most of the Contiguous States, and throughout Alaska and Hawaii. Odds favor anomalous warmth from the Middle and South Atlantic Regions westward through the central and southern Great Plains, then from the entirety of the Rockies to the Pacific Coast. Chances for significantly above-normal temperatures are highest (near 80 percent) across the Big Island and southeastern Maui in Hawaii. The likelihood of above-normal temperatures exceeds 60 percent in a swath across central Alaska, in portions of the Lower Mississippi Valley and southern Great Plains, and the South Atlantic Region from most of Florida through eastern South Carolina.

US Drought Monitor one week change map ending August 4, 2026.

Just for grins here’s a slideshow of early August US Drought Monitor maps for the past few years.

The Flash #Drought Conditions Indicator v3 shows intense flash drought in the upper Midwest, #Texas/#Oklahoma panhandles into southwestern #Kansas, and in the Gulf states. The monsoon is also bringing needed moisture to the W. U.S.

Trump administration moves to block public from enforcing environmental protectionย laws

A view of a large industrial building complex.
A citizen-initiated lawsuit under the Clean Air Act forced a cleanup at ExxonMobilโ€™s Baytown, Texas, refinery and chemical complex. AP Photo/Ashley Landis

Sarah J. Morath, Wake Forest University

Reducing rampant pollution across the United States was so important that when Congress passed many environmental protection laws, including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act, it didnโ€™t want to leave enforcement only to the executive branch.

Congress specifically wrote into those laws ways for citizens to enforce them through the courts when the government does not act to address the problem. Called โ€œcitizen suit provisions,โ€ those parts of the laws allow regular people and advocacy groups to sue companies they believe are violating the law. Citizens can also sue federal agencies that fail to enforce the laws.

Since the 1970s, those provisions have been used in over 2,000 lawsuits. In fact, a majority of environmental cases are citizen suit cases. Citizen suits have been used to halt the construction of dams to protect endangered species, end the injection of wastewater into groundwater, and secure US$14.2 million in civil penalties for illegal emissions from a petrochemical facility. In short, these cases have shaped modern environmental law.

Now, in a legal filing, the Trump administration is saying citizens should not be allowed to enforce environmental laws. Rather, despite what the laws say, the U.S. Department of Justice has claimed in a case involving Elon Muskโ€™s xAI that people should be required to leave enforcement to the executive branch โ€“ even if the executive decides to take no action.

A large industrial building complex sits alongside a river.
The Clairton Coke Works in Clairton, Penn., was forced to clean up its emissions and more effectively monitor pollution in a settlement of a citizen suit under the Clean Air Act. Rebecca Droke/AFP via Getty Images

A history of success

For more than 50 years, citizen suits have been an effective part of cleaning up the environment in the U.S. The process is fairly straightforward: A person or group must send a formal notification to the person, company or agency they suspect of violating the law โ€“ with a copy to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. If after 60 days the problem is not rectified, the people can sue.

Citizen suits often ask the courts to order a stop to the polluting activity, payments for reducing or cleaning up the harm done, and civil penalties paid to the government. But if the government has already begun an enforcement action or is actively prosecuting the violator, a citizen suit cannot proceed.

The success of these cases depends on the ability of the plaintiff to prove a violation of the law. Violations of the Clean Water Act are somewhat easier to prove than violations of other statutes because the simple act of discharging a pollutant without a permit is a violation of the law. As a result, more citizen suit provisions have been brought under the Clean Water Act than under any other environmental statute.

In my area of research, plastic pollution, citizen suits have been used to hold plastic pellet manufacturers responsible for pollution. For example, the citizen suit provision of the Clean Water Act allowed Diane Wilson, a shrimper from Texasโ€™ Gulf Coast, to sue Formosa Plastics in 2017 for persistent discharges of plastic pellets into Lavaca Bay, where some shrimp were caught, and which is connected to the Gulf of Mexico. In 2019, Formosa ended up settling for $50 million to pay for mitigation and remediation projects in the bay, cleaning up plastic and other pollution. Formosa also agreed to pay court costs and attorneys fees.

In another example, the environmental advocacy groups PennEnvironment and Three Rivers Waterkeeper in 2023 sued Styropek USA, which manufactured expandable polystyrene used for packaging and shipping, over pellet discharges into a western Pennsylvania creek. The pellets attracted and collected other toxic chemicals and were harming local aquatic plants and fish. In 2025, Styropek settled for $2.5 million. As part of the settlement agreement, Styropek agreed to install filters in the facilityโ€™s wastewater and stormwater systems to capture plastic pellets before they reached Raccoon Creek or the Ohio River. Styropek also had to eliminate the unauthorized discharge of plastic pellets from all of the facilityโ€™s stormwater drains.

Citizen suit provisions are not included in every law. But they have arisen in other contexts. For instance, a 2025 Texas state law seeks to restrict abortion rights and allows any citizen to sue doctors or other medical providers who perform or assist with abortions.

A person speaks at a lectern in a public meeting room.
Residents of Southaven, Miss., have publicly objected to the operation of gas-fired turbines to power a data center in their community. AP Photo/Adrian Sainz

NAACP v. xAI

In April 2026, using the citizen suit provision of the Clean Air Act, the NAACP, a nationwide civil rights organization, sued xAI, an artificial intelligence company founded by Elon Musk, in federal court.

The NAACP alleged that xAI and a subsidiary company built and operated 27 natural gas-fired turbines in Southaven, Mississippi, without the required Clean Air Act permits. The turbines generated electricity to power xAIโ€™s nearby Colossus 2 data center. The NAACP alleged that the gas plant released harmful pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides and formaldehyde, which can increase rates of asthma, respiratory diseases, heart problems and certain cancers.

Had xAI applied for a permit to operate the turbines under the Clean Air Act, the EPA would have required xAI to use the best available technology to reduce those emissions. But xAI never applied to the EPA for a permit.

A view across a grassy area of large metal industrial boxes.
Artificial intelligence company xAI operates a data center powered by gas-fired turbines in Tennessee as well as one in Mississippi thatโ€™s the subject of an antipollution lawsuit. Brandon Dill for The Washington Post via Getty Images

A request from the federal government

In June 2026, the U.S. Department of Justice asked the judge to dismiss the case, claiming, among other arguments, that citizen suits cannot proceed when the federal government does not oppose the polluting behavior.

The Justice Departmentโ€™s court filing cited two executive orders signed by President Donald Trump within days of the start of his second term โ€“ one declaring a โ€œnational energy emergencyโ€ and the other seeking to support โ€œAmerican leadership in artificial intelligence.โ€

According to the Justice Department, the NAACPโ€™s lawsuit threatens โ€œartificial intelligence innovationโ€ and national security. The governmentโ€™s filing goes on to argue that citizen lawsuits were not intended to allow everyday citizens to enforce laws in ways that go against what the federal government deems is in the public interest.

Instead, the Justice Department claimed, citizen suits should be allowed by the court only when the government fails to enforce the statute, and not when the government has decided that executive branch policy means enforcement action is contrary to the public interest.

A man speaks into a microphone and gestures with his other hand in front of a sign saying 'dirty lie.'
In the late 1990s, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. used citizen suit provisions to force environmental cleanups of industrial pollution in the Hudson River. AP Photo/Rick Bowmer

Conflict between the government and the public

This is the first time the Justice Department has taken this position in court. But defendants and judges have questioned the constitutionality of citizen suits in the past.

Some critics, including the Trump administration, view citizen suits as a way for citizens to usurp the executive branchโ€™s prosecutorial authority. Supporters of the citizen suit provisions, on the other hand, say they allow regular people to exercise their statutory rights to advocate for a clean and healthy environment and enforce environmental laws when the governmentโ€™s efforts fall short.

Regardless of how the court rules in the NAACP case against xAI, I believe the filing from the Trump administration is another step in a broader effort to consolidate government power in the executive branch.

Sarah J. Morath, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for International Affairs, Wake Forest University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

New report: Data center fees, special trust, sod grass tax on list of options for water funding in #Colorado — Jerd Smith (Fresh Water News)

Colorado Capitol. Photo/Allen Best

Click the link to read the article on the Water Education Colorado website (Jerd Smith):

July 30, 2026

Colorado could impose new fees on data centers and renewable energy companies, tax sod grass, or fund a special trust to raise the $20 billion it needs over the next 30 years to ensure it has enough water, as climate change saps streams and shrinks snowpack.

Thatโ€™s according to a new report issued by a special task force created by Colorado lawmakers last year. Most of the measures the report examined would require action by lawmakers and potentially voters.

Until now, the state has relied largely on severance taxes collected on oil and gas, mining and coal production to help fund water projects, including shoring up old pipelines and dams, funding water-saving initiatives and buying new supplies. 

But those severance tax revenues vary dramatically from year to year and are often diverted by lawmakers to help cope with budget shortfalls. That is a problem that needs to be solved, according to state Sen. Dylan Roberts, a Democrat from Frisco who co-sponsored the legislation creating the task force.

โ€œThis report makes clear that Colorado needs a long-term strategy for funding water infrastructure that doesnโ€™t depend almost exclusively on the ups and downs of severance tax revenue,โ€ Roberts said.

Task force members were charged with finding permanent, stable sources of funding that canโ€™t be tapped for other purposes by lawmakers.

โ€œIf we could just maintain the funding we have, that would be a start,โ€ said Jim Yahn, a water policy veteran and Logan County commissioner appointed to the task force by Gov. Jared Polis.

The report, produced by the Colorado Water Center at Colorado State University, said the state would likely need several mechanisms to generate the revenue needed, and it cited the success of a 2019 sports betting initiative approved by voters that has generated millions of dollars in tax revenues annually for water projects.

Still, it said, โ€œThe gap between the identified need and available funding is a current challenge visible in oversubscribed grant and loan programs, aging infrastructure, and the growing difficulty local governments face in accessing capital for large projects.โ€

The report cites programs by New Mexico and Wyoming that protect severance tax revenues by placing them in special trust funds that cannot be tapped for other purposes.

Karen Schlatter, director of the Colorado Water Center who led work on the report,  said she is hopeful the findings will provide lawmakers with a set of options they can use in combination to stabilize water funding in the future.

Roberts said it was likely that lawmakers would work on new legislation next year to begin to address long-term funding solutions.

Thatโ€™s something Yahn, who is the past manager of North Sterling and Prewitt reservoirs in northeastern Colorado, would like to see as well.

โ€œA long time ago the state did something right by creating the revolving loan fund,โ€ Yahn said, referring to a loan pool run by the Colorado Water Conservation Board that water districts can borrow from and whose loan interest payments help finance subsequent loans for other water districts.

โ€œWe got loans for our spillways and diversion structures and now we are paying it back in a steady stream that other people can use. But when you sweep it out, we donโ€™t have it,โ€ he said, referring to cash diversions by lawmakers. โ€œThe next step would be finding some legislators that would be willing to keep the money where it is. If we could get the ball rolling on that, that would be the next step I would like to see.โ€

More by Jerd Smith

How severe drought is affecting #Colorado, from record fishing restrictions to threatened power supplies: As water shortage costs farmers and sap reservoirs, โ€˜Weโ€™re all holding our breath to get through this year.โ€™ — The #Denver Post

Click the link to read the article on The Denver Post website (Elise Schmelzer). Here’s an excerpt:

August 2, 2026ย 

At a meeting of water managers last month, the head of Coloradoโ€™s Division of Water Resources compared the state to Mordor โ€” the barren, ash-covered domain of the villain in J.R.R. Tolkienโ€™s โ€œThe Lord of the Ringsโ€ trilogy. He then flipped through a series of graphs showing streamflow gauges across the state. Each one was at or near record lows.

โ€œThe monsoons will help โ€” they will help reduce demand โ€” but they wonโ€™t bring storage back up,โ€ state engineer Jason Ullmann told his fellow water officials. โ€œI think weโ€™re all holding our breath to get through this year.โ€

Itโ€™s too early to say that this summerโ€™s drought is the worst on record, Ullmann said in a later interview. Heavy rains from the monsoon that arrived in July could alleviate the worst of the suffering โ€” if those come. So far, rain has done little to lift the weight of drought. As it has for months, nearly the entire state is enduring some level of dryness, according toย data released Thursdayย by the U.S. Drought Monitor. It considers half of the state to be in extreme or exceptional drought โ€” the two most severe categories used by the agency. The latest Colorado map barely changed from the one released the week prior…

Colorado Drought Monitor map July 28, 2026.

Beyond the Front Range urban corridor, where many cities and utilitiesย have imposed watering restrictions, the drought has caused millions of dollars in losses to Coloradoโ€™s farmers. Itโ€™s sapped reservoir storage and hamstrung river recreation โ€” includingย rafting on many popular stretches of river. It has also spurred new collaborations between water users trying to survive.

New federal plan sets short-term rules for #ColoradoRiver management — #Colorado Politics #COriver #aridification

Lake Powell and Glen Canyon Dam. Photo credit: Western Resource Advocates

Click the link to read the article on the Colorado Politics website (Marianne Goodland). Here’s an excerpt:

July 31, 2026

Calling it a balanced approach that offers flexibility and predictability, the plan released by the U.S. Department of the Interior cuts the allocation of Arizona, California and Nevada, while sparing Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Wyoming for now…Under the plan, the Lower Basin states could face collective cuts up to 3 million acre-feet through 2036, โ€œsubject to hydrology,โ€ according to a news release by the Department of the Interior. Thatโ€™s enough water to serve more than 25 million people a year. The plan would also allow annual releases between 5 and 12 million acre-feet from Lake Powell, the basinโ€™s second-largest reservoir. Under the 10-year federal framework, water management decisions will be made every two years…

Assistant Secretary for Water and Science Andrea Travnicek said in a statement Friday that the plan, known as a final environmental impact statement, โ€œstrikes a balance between flexibility and predictability for the Colorado River system that is vital to the 40 million people who rely on it, given unprecedented hydrologic conditions and the potential for considerable impacts on water users.โ€

Between 2020 and 2024, the average consumptive use in the Colorado River Basin was 13.1 million acre-feet. That is broken down by:

  • Upper Basin: 3.8 million acre-feet (29%)
  • Lower Basin: 6.5 million acre-feet (49%)
  • Mexico use: 1.4 million acre-feet (11%)
  • Evaporation: 1.4 million acre-feet (11%)

At the time the 1922 compact was signed, the seven states had a combined population of about six million โ€” roughly the size of Coloradoโ€™s population today…

She said last month that she โ€œhas no idea what that process would look like, constantly negotiating every two years.โ€ 

โ€œThat would be incredibly difficult,โ€ she said.

The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation released its final environmental impact statement for the post-2026 operating guidelines for #LakePowell and #LakeMead — The #GlenwoodSprings Post-Independent #ColoradoRiver #COriver #aridification

Click the link to read the article on the Glenwood Springs Post-Independent (Ali Longwell). Here’s an excerpt:

August 3, 2026

The plan charts a course for the basinโ€™s next 10 years that could lead to significant water cuts in the Lower Basin and opens up the door for more frequent negotiations…

โ€œThe basin is experiencing increased aridity due to climate variability, and long-term drought and low-runoff conditions are expected in the future,โ€ wrote the Bureau of Reclamation in the summary. โ€œThese conditions will exacerbate the now widely recognized imbalance between water supply and demand in the basin. Robust and flexible guidelines are needed to manage the Colorado River system and its resources under a broad range of potential future hydrologic conditions.โ€

[…]

The two reservoirs are currently governed by guidelines established in 2007 that are set to expire this year, and many agree the plan has failed to protect the Colorado River system…The final proposal does not provide specifics for how water will be distributed across the basin, with the Bureau of Reclamation describing it as a โ€œframeworkโ€ that identifies key triggers and ranges for developing future operating guidelines at Lake Powell and Lake Mead. It sets up a plan to negotiate 2-year operating plans for the reservoirs through 2036…The final statement provides aย range of alternatives, including the Bureau of Reclamationโ€™s โ€œpreferredโ€ option. Each alternative sets guidelines for how it will reduce or increase annual consumptive water use allocations from Lake Mead to the Lower Basin states; store and deliver water saved through conservation efforts; manage and deliver surplus water; manage activities and make cuts above Lake Powell; and more.

Map of the Colorado River drainage basin, created using USGS data. By Shannon1 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0

Stage 2 fire restrictions rescinded, monsoonal moisture arrives, but #drought remains — The #PagosaSprings Sun #SanJuanRiver #monsoon

Click the link to read the article on the Pagosa Springs Sun website (Josh Pike and Randi Pierce). Here’s an excerpt:

July 29, 2026

Beginning July 22, area jurisdictions began rescinding Stage 2 fire restrictions, with Stage 1 restrictions remaining in effect in much of the area…On July 22, it was announced that improved fire weather conditions and near containment on the Ferris Fire had prompted Bureau of Land Management (BLM) officials to ease fire restrictions and reopen public lands within the Tres Rios Field Office. Effective July 22, Stage 2 fire restrictions were lifted on BLM-administered public lands managed by the Tres Rios Field Office, including Canyons of the Ancients National Monument…On Thursday, July 23, the Archuleta County Sheriffโ€™s Office (ACSO) announced it had, in collaboration with the Pagosa Fire Protection District, rescinded Stage 2 fire restrictions effective immediately…The following day, Friday, July 24, the Town of Pagosa Springs announced it had rescinded Stage 2 fire restrictions effective that day…On Wednesday, July 29, the San Juan National Forest announced it would be rescinding Stage 2 fire restrictions effective 12:01 a.m. Thursday, July 30, on all National Forest System lands…

Colorado Drought Monitor map July 28, 2026.

According to the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS), areas in Archuleta County received from .91 inches to 3.15 inches of rain between July 15 and July 29. Despite the recent rains, the Pagosa Area Water and Sanitation District (PAWSD) remains in stage two drought restrictions, and the area remains in severe drought. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, 100 percent of Archuleta County remained in severe drought as of July 21, with 1.90 percent of the county โ€” the northeast corner โ€” falling under extreme drought. The week prior, 36.15 percent of the county fell under extreme drought…

According to the U.S. Geological Survey water monitoring gauge at the San Juan River in Pagosa Springs and the Colorado Basin River Forecast Center, although the San Juan has remained at a very low but generally steady level, it did appear to hit record low levels several times over the last week. According to the River Forecast Center, on July 24, the river hit about 19 cubic feet per second (cfs), below the 2002 low of 21. The following day, it hit about 17 cfs, below the 2002 low of 19 cfs. On July 28 at 11:15 a.m., the river was recorded running at 15 cubic feet per second (cfs), 0.5 cfs above the previous record low set in 2002.

Map of the San Juan River, a tributary of the Colorado River, in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah, USA. Made using USGS National Map data. By Shannon1 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47456307

#Utah wonโ€™t face mandatory cuts in fedsโ€™ new #ColoradoRiver proposal, but Lower Basin states could — Annie Knox (UtahNewsDispatch.com)

The Colorado River is pictured near Moab on Sunday, Feb. 18, 2024. (Photo by Spenser Heaps for Utah News Dispatch)

by Annie Knox, Utah News Dispatch
July 31, 2026

After Utah and six other states along the Colorado River failed to reach a deal on how to share its dwindling water supply, the federal government on Friday released its own 10-year outline. 

Colorado River Collaborative

This article is published through the Colorado River Collaborative, a solutions journalism initiative supported by the Janet Quinney Lawson Institute for Land, Water, and Air at Utah State University. See all of our stories about how Utahns are impacted by the Colorado River at greatsaltlakenews.org/coloradoriver

Under the proposal from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the Lower Basin states of Arizona, California and Nevada would share in cuts of up to 3 million acre-feet per year. The framework doesnโ€™t mandate cuts for Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. 

Instead, it identifies a conservation goal for the Upper Basin โ€” 200,000 acre-feet per year โ€” about as much as Utahโ€™s Deer Creek and East Canyon reservoirs together can hold. The plan would also allow for smaller annual releases from Lake Powell of down to 5 million acre-feet, compared to the current 6 million acre-feet, with new operating guidelines every two years. 

Utahโ€™s chief Colorado River negotiator, Gene Shawcroft, praised the proposal on Friday, telling reporters it recognizes the reality of the water available, not just the demand. But he emphasized it provides a broad framework, with the details to follow in coming days. 

โ€œI would just simply say, this is a bridge, not a destination,โ€ Shawcroft said in a virtual news conference. โ€œIt certainly could be a bridge over troubled waters, but perhaps a bridge over no waters. We just arenโ€™t quite sure.โ€

He and Amy Haas, executive director of the Colorado River Authority of Utah, were still reading through the 2,600 pages contained in the bureauโ€™s environmental impact statement released Friday.  

Haas said the state will know more about what itโ€™s contending with when it gets a copy of a two-year operations plan for 2027 and 2028 in coming days, though the exact timeline wasnโ€™t clear.

The Colorado River is pictured where if flows near Hite, just beyond the upper reaches of Lake Powell, on Friday, Sept. 19, 2025. (Photo by Spenser Heaps for Utah News Dispatch)

The Colorado River provides water to 40 million people across the U.S. and Mexico, contributing 27% of Utahโ€™s water supply. Itโ€™s shrinking because of drought, overuse and hotter temperatures linked to climate change.

This yearโ€™s record-high temperatures and lowest snowpack on record arenโ€™t helping. Normally, Colorado River runoff is about 13 million acre-feet, Shawcroft said. Now itโ€™s 3.5 million acre-feet. 

He told reporters: โ€œWeโ€™re in a dire situation.โ€ 

On Friday, Arizonaโ€™s Department of Water Resources called the proposalโ€™s cuts for the Lower Basin โ€œunacceptable,โ€ saying such reductions would devastate Arizonaโ€™s water users and its economy.โ€

The agency described negotiations over many months as โ€œan exercise in lowering expectations, particularly for a long-term, seven-state agreement on operating this vital river system.โ€ 

The disagreement could find its way into a courtroom soon. Arizona and Utah have both taken steps this year to build up litigation funds. 

โ€œFor Utah, litigation is never our plan A,โ€ Haas told reporters Friday. โ€œWhether itโ€™s a plan B, depending on the context of this document, that remains to be seen. But litigation is not going to get us anywhere on this river. Itโ€™s not going to get us more water.โ€ 

At issue in the negotiations is who absorbs necessary cuts. Upper Basin states argue they use less water than Lower Basin states, donโ€™t have huge reservoirs to store water in dry years, and lack legal authority to place significant restrictions on water users. 

Lake Powell and the Wahweap Marina are pictured near Page, Arizona on Sunday, Feb. 2, 2025. (Photo by Spenser Heaps for Utah News Dispatch)

The proposal out Friday is adaptable and allows the states to keep negotiating, said Secretary of the Interior Doug Burgum.  

โ€œThis framework provides the flexibility to respond to changing hydrologic conditions while preserving the opportunity for the Basin States to continue working toward durable, consensus-based solutions,โ€ Burgum said in a statement. 

Utah Gov. Spencer Cox, in a joint statement with his counterparts in the other upstream states, said theyโ€™re encouraged that incoming operating guidelines โ€œwill better reflect existing water supply, which must underpin any practicable plan going forward.โ€ 

They went on to say that both the upper and lower divisions of the basin โ€œare feeling the pain of severe drought. This is a reality that all states, and the federal government, will need to address practically, which is why a seven-state agreement will provide the best outcome for all water users in the Colorado River Basin.โ€

Water use is outpacing the riverโ€™s flows, and that overconsumption adds up. The combined amount of water in Lake Powell and Lake Mead is at its lowest point since before Glen Canyon Dam began to fill up in 1963, the bureau said in its Friday news release. 

If water levels dip to critical lows, as forecasts suggest they could by late this year, the nationโ€™s two largest reservoirs could fail to produce power. If their depths continue to slide, theyโ€™ll fail to send water downstream. 

Conservation and recreation groups have called for an end to the gridlock, saying itโ€™s dragging on in the background while hotter and drier conditions are driving up wildfire risks, air quality concerns and restrictions on the water supply. 

Utah News Dispatch is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Utah News Dispatch maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor McKenzie Romero for questions: info@utahnewsdispatch.com.

The Colorado River Basin spans seven U.S. states and part of Mexico. Lake Powell, upstream from the Grand Canyon, and Lake Mead, near Las Vegas, are the two principal reservoirs in the Colorado River water-supply system. (Bureau of Reclamation)

Feds to impose new cuts on lower #ColoradoRiver states amid climate-fueled #megadrought — Chase Woodruff (ColoradoNewsline.com) #COriver #aridification

Glen Canyon Dam holds back the waters of Lake Powell near Page, Arizona on Sunday, Feb. 2, 2025. Photo credit: Spenser Heaps/Utah News Dispatch

by Chase Woodruff, Colorado Newsline
July 31, 2026

The federal government on Friday formalized a set of guidelines for managing water use in the Colorado River Basin over the next decade, if Colorado and six other Western states canโ€™t come to an agreement on how to deal with declining flows caused in large part by climate change.

โ€œThe Department has a responsibility to ensure the Colorado River system remains reliable and resilient for the millions of Americans, communities and industries that depend on it,โ€ Interior Secretary Doug Burgum said in a press release. โ€œThis framework provides the flexibility to respond to changing hydrologic conditions while preserving the opportunity for the Basin States to continue working toward durable, consensus-based solutions.โ€

Under the U.S. Bureau of Reclamationโ€™s โ€œpreferred alternativeโ€ for the management of the riverโ€™s reservoir system, outlined in a extensive environmental impact statement, the burden of the most severe cuts would continue to fall on the Lower Basin states of Arizona, California and Nevada, which could face mandatory cuts of up to 3 million acre-feet of water. The Upper Basin states of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming would face only voluntary conservation targets totaling 200,000 acre-feet.

All seven states were parties to the Colorado River Compact, a 1922 agreement governing the use of water from the vital Western watershed. Today, the Colorado River provides water to an area inhabited by 40 million people across the Southwest, though agricultural uses account for the vast majority of consumption.

Udall/Overpeck 4-panel Figure Colorado River temperature/precipitation/natural flows with trend. Lake Mead and Lake Powell storage. Updated through Water Year 2025. Note the tiny points on the annual data so that you can flyspeck the individual years. Credit: Brad Udall

Since 2000, a megadrought caused largely by global warming โ€” the regionโ€™s worst dry spell in at least 1,200 years โ€” has stressed water supplies across the basin and pushed the Colorado River Compact to a breaking point. The last set of federal guidelines to address shortages, issued nearly 20 years ago, will expire Jan. 1, and the seven Colorado River Compact states failed to reach a new agreement before a federally imposed deadline in February.

The combined amount of water stored in Lake Powell and Lake Mead, the Colorado River systemโ€™s two key reservoirs, fell this month to its lowest level since May 1957 โ€” before Lake Powell, created by the Glen Canyon Dam, had even begun to fill.

Without a major turnaround in hydrologic conditions in the near future, water levels in Lake Powell are expected to fall by next spring to below โ€œminimum power pool,โ€ at which point the Glen Canyon Damโ€™s hydroelectric turbines would be unable to operate.

Negotiations over a comprehensive new agreement have led to an increasingly bitter dispute between the Upper Basin states โ€” led by Colorado, the riverโ€™s headwaters state and by far the Upper Basinโ€™s largest water user โ€” and the Lower Basin states, especially Arizona, which has borne the brunt of the cuts imposed in recent years. Arizona is widely expected to launch a high-stakes legal challenge as soon as this summer, alleging Colorado and other Upper Basin states are failing to meet an obligation under the original Colorado River Compact to allow enough water to flow downstream.

Colorado Gov. Jared Polis issued a joint statement Friday with the governors of the other three Upper Basin states, saying that โ€œboth the Upper and Lower divisions of the basin are feeling the pain of severe drought,โ€ and that they were โ€œcommitted to continued good-faith discussions with our counterparts.โ€

โ€œMany hours of meetings and negotiations took place between the Colorado River Basin states and these discussions will continue,โ€ the statement said. โ€œTodayโ€™s framework does not represent a final solution, but enables the River to be managed in the short-term while the seven states and (the Interior Department) continue to negotiate a consensus solution.โ€

In the absence of a new agreement among the states, the Bureau of Reclamation says it will continue to update its new guidelines every two years until 2036.

Andrea Travnicek, the Interior Departmentโ€™s assistant secretary for water and science, said the plan โ€œstrikes a balance between flexibility and predictability โ€ฆ given unprecedented hydrologic conditions and the potential for considerable impacts on water users.โ€

In a statement, Democratic U.S. Sen. Michael Bennet of Colorado said he was โ€œdisappointedโ€ by the failure to reach a new long-term agreement among the seven Colorado River Compact states.

โ€œWhile a two-year operating plan is the bare minimum needed to operate the river, a long-term, consensus agreement that recognizes real hydrologic conditions is the only durable solution to bring certainty to the Colorado River,โ€ Bennet said.

Colorado Newsline is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Colorado Newsline maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Quentin Young for questions: info@coloradonewsline.com.

Map of the Colorado River drainage basin, created using USGS data. By Shannon1 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0

The Desert Research Institute and OpenET Are Partnering With the Upper Colorado River Commission and the Bureau of Reclamation To Expand Evaporation Monitoring on the #ColoradoRiver #COriver #aridification

Map of the Upper Colorado River Basin showing project reservoirs where new monitoring equipment is deployed. Note: Reservoir extents have been exaggerated for visualization. Credit: The Desert Research Institute

Click the link to read the article on the Desert Research Institute website:

July 22, 2026

DRI and OpenET are partnering with the Upper Colorado River Commission and the Bureau of Reclamation to expand evaporation monitoring on the Upper Colorado River Basinโ€™s largest reservoirs. This summer, new monitoring stations are being established on Flaming Gorge, Blue Mesa, and Navajo Reservoirs. The initiative follows the success of the Lake Powell evaporation monitoring project โ€“ one of the longest-running reservoir evaporation monitoring efforts in the Western U.S., which has provided data since 2019. Establishing state of the art weather and evaporation monitoring stations at these reservoirs will directly inform improvements for evaporation models and our understanding of water availability in the Colorado River.  

DRIโ€™s evaporation monitoring uses advanced micrometeorological stations that collect continuous observations of weather, water temperature, and calculated evaporation rates. The Reservoir Evaporation Research Team, led by DRIโ€™s Justin Huntington and Chris Pearson, has led numerous open water evaporation data collection and modeling efforts in the Western U.S., including the Bureau of Reclamationโ€™s Open Water Evaporation Network Initiative and a statewide effort to track daily reservoir evaporation rates throughout Texas. 

โ€œHigh-quality, over-water data provide critical benchmarks for validating and refining both satellite-based and gridded weather models, supporting more reliable large-scale evaporation estimates.โ€  

By installing the weather stations on floating platforms directly on the water, DRIโ€™s instrumentation obtains more accurate data than traditional methods that occur on land adjacent to reservoirs. The weather stations transmit measurements in near real-time to DRI portals that allow for the data to be visualized and monitored by researchers and water managers. Specialized equipment known as an eddy covariance station is used to calculate evaporation using high-frequency measurements of water vapor, wind speed and direction in all three spatial dimensions.  

For more information about DRIโ€™s research related to the Colorado River, view our Storymap:ย DRI Science on the Colorado River.ย ย 

Photo credit: The Desert Research Institute

South Platte River Basin #climate for the week ending August 3, 2026 #SouthPlatteRiver

Below is the Precipitation Accumulation in South Platte graph from the NRCS for August 3, 2026. This morning precipitation is at 75% of the median (down 1% one week), and 66% of the water year median (up 1% one week). There are 58 days left in the water year.

There is a chance for showers today, a chance for Thunderstorms Tuesday, then a chance for showers and thunderstorms Sunday in the central mountains. There is a chance for thunderstorms today and Tuesday, with a slight chance for showers and thunderstorms Sunday in the northern mountains. There is a slight chance for thunderstorms today and Tuesday, down here, about 227 miles from the Battle of Milk Creek Park near Meeker. The location is the site of the Battle of Milk Creek where Ute Indians ambushed U.S. troops led byย MajorThomas T. Thornburgh,ย 18 miles (29ย km)ย north of present dayย Meeker, Colorado. From Wikipedia:

Majorย Thomas T. Thornburghย led a command of 153ย soldiers, and twenty-fiveย militiamen, to theย White River Indian Agencyโ€Šย fromย Fort Steeleย on September 21, 1879, in response to a request for assistance by the Nathan C. Meeker, U.S. Government Indian Agent…On September 29, 1879, Ute warriors simultaneously ambushed Thornburgh’s forces and, at the Indian Agency, killed Meeker and Meeker’s employees.ย Ute warriors, led byย Chief Colorow, attacked Thornburgh’s forces at Milk Creek on the northern edge of the reservation, about 18 miles from the White River Indian Agency. Within a few minutes, Major Thornburgh and 13 men were killed, including all his officers above the rank of captain. Another 28 men were wounded. Three-quarters of the horses and mules were killed at leisure by the surrounding Utes…Surviving troops dug in behind the wagon trains and animals’ bodies for defense.ย One man rode hard to get out a request for reinforcements. The US forces held out for several days…The troops were reinforced by 35 African-American cavalrymen known asย Buffalo Soldiersย from the 9th Cavalry atย Fort Lewisย in southern Colorado…Larger U.S. Army relief columns were sent from two forts, Fort Steele andย Fort D.A. RussellColonelย Wesley Merrittย commanded five columns of troops from the 5th Cavalry Regiment, or about 350 troops, who traveled by train and marched to reach the surviving forces on Milkย Creek on October 5.ย By the time Colonel Merritt arrived, the Utes had already dispersed.

Milk Creek Battlefield Park, 18 miles northeast of Meeker, Colorado. By Jeffrey Beall – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70937831

Hereโ€™s a look at the 7-Day Colorado precipitation map through July 31, 2026 from the High Plains Regional Climate Center (latest map available from HPRCC this morning). Precipitation in the South Platte Basin along the Continental Divide of the Americas ranged from 0.30โ€ to 1.80โ€.

Hereโ€™s the 7-Day percent of normal precipitation map through July 30, 2026 from the High Plains Regional Climate Center (latest map available from HPRCC this morning). Precipitation in the South Platte River Basin along the Continental Divide of the Americas ranged from 130% to 300% of normal.

Below is the 7-day Quantitative Precipitation Forecast for the week of August 3, 2026. Precipitation is anticipated for the mountains of the South Platte River Basin and may total up to 0.10โ€ณ.

Below are the 8-14 day outlooks from the Climate Prediction Center, issued August 2, 2026, for temperature and precipitation, for the week starting August 10, 2026. The CPC expects above normal temperatures and above normal precipitation for the mountains of the South Platte River Basin.

Below is the Colorado Drought Monitor map from June 28, 2026. There was a small one class improvement in Elbert County. Drought and abnormal dryness covers 97.50% of Colorado. The South Platte Basin is experiencing Abnormally Dry, Moderate, Severe, Extreme, and Exceptional drought conditions.

Below is the Colorado Drought Monitor one week change map ending July 28, 2026.

Hereโ€™s the US Drought Monitor Map from last week along with the one week U.S. change map.

Finally, here’s a map showing the effect on temperature from fossil fuel combustion and methane venting for the 9-month period from October 2026 through June 2026.

Most of the West has just experienced the warmest nine-month period during the last 131 years, putting the region on pace to have its hottest water year on record.

The Land Desk ch-ch-changes … Plus: More wacky weather! And visualizing water inequality from space — Jonathan P. Thompson (LandDesk.org)

A satellite image of the Phoenix metro area with the moisture index layer turned on (blue = more moisture; red = drier). Scroll down to see more images and explanations. Source: Copernicus Browser.

Click the link to read the article on The Land Desk website (Jonathan P. Thompson):

July 31, 2026

The Land Desk is evolving! During the five and a half years that Iโ€™ve been doing this, several readers and would-be-donors have urged me to make this little enterprise a non-profit. I often would respond with something like, Yeah, Iโ€™m already there. To which theyโ€™d say: No, become a 501(c)3 so that our donations can be tax deductible, dummy!

And so, finally, my wife Wendy and I bit the bullet, hired an accountant, and went through the red tape to get it done. And so, the IRS made it official earlier this month: The Land Desk Media is officially a 501(c)3. Donโ€™t worry, weโ€™re not going to be begging you for money every few months, or holding fund-drives, or whatever. The model will stay pretty much the same; this simply allows folks who have been so generously supporting the Land Desk as Founding/Sustaining Members, Buy Me Coffee donors, or tip Jar tippers to write off those donations. 

Weโ€™ll still have free subscriptions and paid subscriptions, with the same benefits for both (the $60/year and $6/month subscription fees do not count as tax deductible donations, but if you sign up as a Sustaining Member for $200/year, for example, $140 of it would be deductible). We may occasionally look to raise money for specific initiatives: to hire a freelancer, to offset travel costs for a reporting trip, to buy a new camera lens or whatnot, to expand the scope of the Land Deskโ€™s coverage, or to publish a book or two under our imprint, Lost Souls Press. 

Weโ€™re still lining up our ducks with some of the details, but if youโ€™d like to donate, you can do it here: Make a tax deductible donation

The Land Desk News Feed

As long as weโ€™re talking shop, the Land Desk is about to go through a different sort of evolution, this time by adding an appendage, if you will: a human-curated rundown of the weekโ€™s biggest news from the Land Desk realm, which would include public lands, energy development, wildlife, economics, water, climate, water, and more. It would be a list of a dozen or so summaries of the news items, along with a link to the original story or stories.

This will be a once-a-week dispatch (in addition to the two each week that I send out now). The idea is to allow readers to stay in the loop without some big commitment to read a bunch of context, and for me to update folks on developments in ongoing stories in a concise way while also amplifying other voices and journalism from around the region.

I do this sort of thing three times a week for Canary Media in which I gather and summarize Western energy stories. Hereโ€™s an outtake from a recent edition:

But the Canary gig is coming to an end, which is giving me the push I needed to implement this sort of thing (although with a much broader subject range) here at the Land Desk

I think a lot of readers will value this service, but at the same time, I donโ€™t want to overwhelm your email boxes with too many dispatches every week. So Iโ€™m hoping yโ€™all can let me know whether I should add this as a third weekly email for all paid and free subscribers? Or should I make it a separate newsletter altogether that would require signing up separately? (Click through to the article to participate in Jonathan’s poll.)

โ›ˆ๏ธ Wacky Weather Watchโšก๏ธ

When I was a kid, my family occasionally took trips to Phoenix, usually to visit my grandparents who wintered in a single-wide in Apache Junction due to my grandfatherโ€™s emphysema. I loved everything about these journeys: peering out the car window as we floated through the Navajo Nation, dropping from one season into another as we descended the Mogollan Rim, competing with my brother to spot the first saguaro, and ending up in a place where palm trees lined streets and citrus orchards surrounded the city.

In my teens and twenties my fondness for the Sonoran Desert migrated southward to Tucson. I was drawn by the vibrance of both the city and surrounding desert, as well as the climate; in the springtime I could begin a hike up Mt. Wrightson in t-shirt and shorts, strolling below the lush canopy amid birdsong, and end up huddling under a rock in a blizzard at the top. Then I could reward myself with some killer tacos in South Tucson on the way back. I always figured Iโ€™d live down there someday.

Iโ€™m still fond of Tucson and, yes, even Phoenix. But the idea of living in the place, especially the latter, gets less and less palatable with every passing year as temperatures rise. Check out this weekendโ€™s forecast, which, believe it or not, is actually milder than the high temps from last weekend:

The 115ยฐ F daytime high is brutal โ€” especially for those with homes that donโ€™t have AC or decent insulation or who donโ€™t have houses, at all. Thatโ€™s the kind of heat that kills, as the statistics make all too clear. But itโ€™s the 93ยฐ F nighttime low that really frightens me: The city is still an oven during the coolest, darkest hours of pre-dawn. Even if you do have a climate-controlled home and good AC in your car, youโ€™re virtually trapped inside. A 5 a.m. run in those temperatures would be unhealthy, maybe even deadly.

But donโ€™t think you can escape by heading to Colorado or Utah. Grand Junction and Hotchkiss are sweltering through triple digit highs as well; Moabโ€™s mercury may hit 110ยฐ F this weekend, with 112ยฐ F forecasted for St. George. The timingโ€™s especially bad for farmers in the North Fork Valley, where one of the major irrigation canals is shutting down today (July 31) due to lack of water in the reservoir (at least one of the other big ditches in the area shut down on July 20).

The current heatwave comes on the heels of an extreme heat spell that shattered all-time maximum heat records at 88 weather stations across the West, e.g.: 114ยฐ F in Brandenberg, Mont.; 104ยฐ F in Swan Valley, Idaho; 104ยฐ F at Pineview Dam, Utah; 109ยฐ F in Thermopolis, Wyo.; and 113ยฐ F in Burlington, Colo.

Those extraordinarily warm temperatures joined up with lightning to spark fires across the region, especially in the Northwest, which continues to burn. Oregonโ€™s Lowe Creek Complex has ballooned to 300,000+ acres, and several other fires in the region exceed 50,000 acres in size. The smoke is traveling across the country and is even dimming air quality on the East Coast. More fire weather (dry, hot, windy) is forecasted for this weekend.

And if the heat doesnโ€™t get you, the flash floods could. The intense yet isolated thunderstorms continue to wreak mayhem. Two massive debris flows hit Hwy 550 between Ouray and Silverton on Wednesday, trapping motorists and shutting down the artery โ€” it remained closed Thursday night. Flooding also occurred on the Gold Mountain Fire scar north of Ouray. On Wednesday, the normally tame Cutler Creek became a raging, chocolate-colored, fire-debris-filled torrent that escaped its banks and blasted into homes, causing one family to fear for their lives.

In the winter, Colorado staffs mountain highways with avalanche forecasters to monitor conditions and recommend shutting down the roads during high danger. With all of the landslide/debris flow action affecting highways and backroads, perhaps itโ€™s time to make the program year round?

Thankfully, the rains have helped stifle the erratic behavior of the big blazes in Colorado and Utah, though a new fire, the Rio Blanco blaze, is burning south of Pagosa Springs, and had reached 730 acres as of Thursday night.


๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ Messing with Maps ๐Ÿงญ ๐Ÿฅต Aridification Watch ๐Ÿซ

The satellite images below, using the Moisture Index layer on the Copernicus Browser, contrasts dry areas (yellow, orange, and red) with more moist areas (green, blue, and dark blue). Each of the maps accentuates the importance of irrigation to the Westโ€™s agriculture and, really, to its communities, by showing a stark line between irrigated areas and non-irrigated ones. 

Comparing the maps to one another shows how much drier the region is this year than it was three years ago, following one of the wetter winters of recent history. It also provides a visual illustration of the way the prior appropriation doctrine โ€” which rules Western water law โ€” plays out on the ground during dry years between the haves (those with senior water rights) and the have nots (those with junior water rights). 

In this case it also shows how unjust and unfair the doctrine can be. The Ute Mountain Ute Tribe has 1868 rights to water from the Dolores River, making them the most senior rights holders of all (as one would expect). However, their water is delivered to them via the Dolores Project, whose water rights are tied to the date of congressional approval, or 1968.

Southwestern Colorado, with Ute Mountain in the center, on July 28, 2023. That was a relatively good water year, when McPhee Reservoir filled up in the spring, allowing full allocations to water rights holders. Ute Mountain Ute Farm & Ranch Enterprises was able to irrigate most of its fields (the lines of center-pivot sprinkler circles in the lower left corner). McElmo and Yellowjacket Canyons also had enough irrigation runoff to yield a fairly high moisture index (blue).
The same view on July 29, 2026. The Ute Mountain Utes received a fraction of their normal water allotment from McPhee Reservoir, forcing them to fallow most of their farm fields. But the Montezuma Valley irrigators โ€” who hold senior rights due to the weirdness of Western water law โ€” mostly have been able to continue irrigating their farms. As a result, there has been adequate runoff to keep McElmo Canyon relatively green (or, in the case of this map, blue).
This shows the Great Sage Plain of western Colorado on July 28, 2023, with Dove Creek just left of center near the top, and the Dolores River Canyon (the dark blue, squiggly line) just right of center. The Dove Creek area was mostly dryland farming until McPhee Reservoir and its associated canals came online beginning in 1983. During wet years, such as 2023, thereโ€™s enough water for a handful of farmers to irrigate their fields as can be seen by the dark blue squares and circles near Cahone, Pleasant View, and Dove Creek. That year there was even enough water to release some into the Lower Dolores River, which is why the blue line there is so pronounced.
Hereโ€™s the same place showing the vastly different and drier conditions from three years later, on July 29, 2026. Only a few fields are receiving irrigation water in the area, while others sit fallow and dry. The Ferris Fire burn scar shows up as a blood-red swath to the right of Dove Creek and Cahone. The Dolores River through there no longer shows up.

Video and analysis: Lake Powell’s dying days; Alfalfa isn’t (always) the enemy โ€” and other Colorado River lessons from ‘Life After Dead Pool’ author Zak Podmore — Sammy Roth (ClimateColoredGoggles.com) #ColoradoRiver #COriver #aridification

Glen Canyon Dam

Click the link to go to the Climate Colored Goggles Substack page, and to view the interview video (Sammy Roth):

You know the Colorado River crisis is serious when the Trump administration is willing to use hundreds of millions of dollars from President Bidenโ€™s climate law to help to solve it.

As of Wednesday night, federal officials had yet to release their plan for mandatory water cutbacks along the Colorado โ€” a crucial water source for tens of millions of people and millions of acres of farmland across the American West. But with a plan expected later this week, details were starting to trickle out.


Click the link to access the final EIS released on July 30, 2026 by Reclamation.


The L.A. Timesโ€™ Ian James reported that Trumpโ€™s Interior Department would accept a proposal submitted by California, Arizona and Nevada โ€” the Lower Basin states โ€” to slash their water use by 12%, 31% and 28%, respectively, through 2028. Theyโ€™ll receive $350 million from Bidenโ€™s Inflation Reduction Act to support water conservation.

The Upper Basin states โ€” Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Wyoming โ€” will get $100 million in conservation funding. But unlike their downstream neighbors, they wonโ€™t face mandatory water cuts. However much water they end up saving, that will be good enough.

Itโ€™s always possible the plan will change. Iโ€™m eager to see the final details.

While we wait, letโ€™s hear from one of the Westโ€™s most thoughtful and well-informed Colorado River chroniclers.

That would be Zak Podmore, author of โ€œLife After Dead Pool: Lake Powellโ€™s Last Days and the Rebirth of the Colorado River.โ€ Earlier this week, he and I talked for an hour and took audience questions on Zoom; it was a great time. Thank you to everyone who joined us. Paid subscribers to Climate-Colored Goggles can scroll up to watch the full video.

Here are five lessons that stood out to me from our conversation โ€” all of which are relevant to the high-stakes conflict playing out among the states.

1. Weโ€™re not doomed. Earth is resilient

My favorite thing about โ€œLife After Dead Poolโ€ is its hopeful message.

Most headlines about the Colorado River these days are gloomy. For instance, the last time Lake Mead and Lake Powell held as little water as they do right now was 1956 โ€” before Lake Powell existed, meaning all the water was in Mead. Powell is currently 23% full; Mead is 27% full. These are the largest reservoirs in the United States.

A river returns. Almost 50 miles of the San Juan, once inundated by Powell Reservoir, are flowing free. Photo credit: Morgan Sjogren

But Podmoreโ€™s book flips the script, offering a firsthand look the amazing ecological recovery taking place as Lake Powell shrinks.

In and around the reservoir, which was flooded by Glen Canyon Dam more than 60 years ago, native vegetation is returning much faster than scientists thought possible โ€” especially in narrow side canyons inundated by Powell. Exploring these remote, newly accessible places inspired Podmore to write his book.

โ€œInstead of hearing the story that I grew up hearing โ€” which was that Glen Canyon Dam had all these negative environmental consequences, it drowned this beautiful place โ€” I was hearing these conversations from these researchers who were talking about the landscape that was coming back, and how excited they were about the way the ecology was recovering, and the way the endangered fish were expanding their habitat,โ€ Podmore said. 

โ€œInstead of a story about being too late, it was a story about realizing that I was right on time, as we all are, to see the rebirth of Glen Canyon,โ€ he added.

The Colorado River flows through Glen Canyon in 1958, before the dam was built. (Photo via Wikimedia Commons)

2. Those who donโ€™t learn from historyโ€ฆ

Podmore starts the book by imagining what Indigenous life might have been like in and around Glen Canyon nearly 1,000 years ago โ€” when the region had a far larger population than it does today. 

He wanted to show that the Colorado River Basinโ€™s human history began long before white settlement โ€” and that even environmentalists have often ignored the watershedโ€™s Indigenous past.

โ€œI was definitely indoctrinated into the mainstream environmental school of thought as I was growing up,โ€ he said. โ€œI had a copy of the really famous book about Glen Canyon called, โ€˜The Place No One Knew,โ€™ which was published by the Sierra Club in the โ€™60s and talked about how nobody cared enough about Glen Canyon to protect it. And then I realized later on that [the] title was very offensive, and [in fact] there were people who knew Glen Canyon very well and lived there for thousands of years, and who were displaced as the waters of Lake Powell started to fill, in the case of many Navajo families.โ€

Podmoreโ€™s opening scene describes a 10,000-gallon stone water tank built by Ancestral Pueblo farmers, the ruins of which were eventually buried by Lake Powell. The tankโ€™s key feature: a drain at the bottom, so that irrigation could continue no matter how low water levels got.

Diagram showing critical reservoir levels at Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell. Land Desk diagram with data from the Bureau of Reclamation.

Lake Powell doesnโ€™t have a drain at the bottom. It could certainly use one.

3. The Upper Basin states arenโ€™t doing enough

If Powellโ€™s water levels sink much lower, water wonโ€™t be able to pass through the damโ€™s hydropower turbines, which generate cheap electricity for communities across the West. That wouldnโ€™t be a โ€œdead poolโ€ situation; water could still flow downstream to the Grand Canyon and Lake Mead through bypass tubes lower in the dam. But the bypass tubes are surprisingly frail and could break with sustained use.

Translation: We are frighteningly close to โ€œde facto dead pool.โ€ Thatโ€™s why the Trump administration is ordering everyone to use less water.

Well, not everyone. California, Arizona and Nevada are willing to cut back dramatically, and federal officials seem happy to make them do it. The Upper Basin states โ€” the ones upstream of Lake Powell โ€” say they shouldnโ€™t have to commit to mandatory reductions, in part because they already consume a lot less.


[ed. It is not possible to measure or marshall water to Lake Powell (lack of infrastructure, gaining and losing reaches, priority, no way to color water in the river). Inflows are calculated values, or the height of the column at the dam. The Upper Basin consumes a lot less than their allocation under the compact, so yes, much less than the Lower Basin. Here’s an AI recap of inflows to Lake Powell.]


In a New York Times opinion piece earlier this year, I argued that the Upper Basin states need to do more. Podmore agreed.

โ€œItโ€™s a tricky situation, because the Lower Basin has always used more water, and thatโ€™s a convenient argument for the Upper Basin,โ€ he said. โ€œBut also, thereโ€™s more people in the Lower Basin. And the most productive agricultural land thatโ€™s irrigated with Colorado River water is located in the Lower Basin.โ€

โ€œEven with the cuts that the Lower Basin has offered, we still have a long way to go to balance the water budget,โ€ he added. โ€œEveryone needs to pitch in.โ€

Farmland in Californiaโ€™s Imperial Valley, irrigated with Colorado River water. (Photo by Sammy Roth)

4. Alfalfa isnโ€™t (always) the enemy

Farmers are often vilified for sucking up copious amounts of water โ€” and with good reason. Irrigated agriculture consumes more than half the water in the Colorado River Basin, with alfalfa and other cattle feed accounting for a stunning 32% of overall water use. (This is one of several good reasons to eat fewer hamburgers.)

The Colorado Riverโ€™s largest water user, by far, is Californiaโ€™s Imperial Valley, where farmers grow vegetables, alfalfa and other crops. Thereโ€™s no sustainable future for the American West that doesnโ€™t involve Imperial using less water.

But easy as it is to hate on Imperial, Podmore pointed out that when the Lower Basin uses water, that water stays in the river for a long time, supporting healthy ecosystems along the way. And because Imperial is very far downstream, water flowing to alfalfa farmers there carries huge environmental benefits.

โ€œThe way that water gets from the Rocky Mountains to the Imperial Valley โ€” or to Los Angeles or Las Vegas or Phoenix โ€” is through the Grand Canyon. Itโ€™s through Glen Canyon. Itโ€™s through Canyonlands National Park,โ€ Podmore said. โ€œItโ€™s through all these important and beautiful places.โ€

โ€œIf the Lower Basin agrees to a bunch of cuts โ€” if L.A. builds tons of desalination plants โ€” that would in theory be good, because you have to divert less water from the river,โ€ he added. But at the same time, โ€œthat means less water in the river.โ€

Colorado River “Beginnings”. Photo: Brent Gardner-Smith/Aspen Journalism

Reclamation Publishes Final Environmental Impact Statement for Future Colorado River Operations: Preferred alternative provides framework for post-2026 river operations with flexibility to adapt to changing needs #ColoradoRiver #COriver #aridification

Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and the Colorado River. Photo credit: Amy Washuta (NPS_2024 1)

Click the link to read the release on the Reclamation website:

July 31, 2026

The Bureau of Reclamation has released the Final Environmental Impact Statement, which designates a preferred course of action for future management of Lake Powell and Lake Mead. The preferred alternative establishes an adaptive decision framework to be used to develop operating guidelines designed to ensure reliable operations in the Colorado River Basin while maintaining the flexibility to respond to changing conditions over a 10-year period through 2036. The framework also preserves the opportunity for the Basin to continue working towards consensus agreements, and if successful, be incorporated into future operations.

The framework will be used to develop operating guidelines for operations at Lake Powell and Lake Mead that can be adjusted for shorter and longer term periods.

โ€œThe Department has a responsibility to ensure the Colorado River system remains reliable and resilient for the millions of Americans, communities and industries that depend on it,” said Secretary of the Interior Doug Burgum. “This framework provides the flexibility to respond to changing hydrologic conditions while preserving the opportunity for the Basin States to continue working toward durable, consensus-based solutions.โ€

The framework establishes the operational principles, sideboardsโ€”key thresholds and ranges for operational elementsโ€”and a process that will govern development and issuance of operating guidelines through 2036. Operational sideboards were chosen to ensure that the Department would have flexibility and environmental compliance to operate the system in a way that is responsive to actual hydrologic conditions and allows for the incorporation of Basin-wide innovative water management solutions. The sideboards, which are analyzed in the Final EIS, provide for annual releases from Lake Powell between 5.0 maf and 12.0 maf, Lower Basin shortages of up to 3.0 maf, the ability to store up to 8.0 maf and 3.0 maf of conserved water in Lake Powell and Lake Mead for future use, respectively, and the opportunity for voluntary Upper Basin conservation up to 200 kaf, subject to hydrology.

The Department would issue operating guidelines, within these sideboards, at anticipated 2-year periods, unless consensus-based agreements provide for a longer duration. It also establishes a structure under which operating guidelines will be developed, reviewed and periodically updated. This approach provides certainty regarding a decision process over the next 10 years while preserving the flexibility to adapt to changing conditions.

โ€œThis plan strikes a balance between flexibility and predictability for the Colorado River system that is vital to the 40 million people who rely on it given unprecedented hydrologic conditions and the potential for considerable impacts on water users,โ€ said Assistant Secretary for Water and Science Andrea Travnicek. โ€œIt also allows a new flexibility to respond to changing conditions and potential consensus.โ€

The Colorado River provides water for more than 40 million people and fuels hydropower resources in seven states. It serves as a vital resource for 30 tribes and two Mexican states, sustaining 5.5 million acres of farmland and agricultural communities throughout the West, while also supporting critical ecosystems and protecting endangered species.

Udall/Overpeck 4-panel Figure Colorado River temperature/precipitation/natural flows with trend. Lake Mead and Lake Powell storage. Updated through Water Year 2025. Note the tiny points on the annual data so that you can flyspeck the individual years. Credit: Brad Udall

Drought conditions over the past 25 years, combined with expectations of continued dry conditions, have made development of future operating guidelines for the Colorado River particularly challenging. The combined contents of Lake Powell and Lake Mead have not been this low since before Glen Canyon Dam began filling in 1963, and since 2000 water use has exceeded total system inflow in most years. The Colorado River Compact apportioned 7.5 million acre-feet to both the Upper and Lower Basins based on the estimated pre-compact average inflow (1906-1921) of approximately 18 million acre-feet. However, inflows from 2000 to 2024 have only averaged 12.9 million acre-feet and the unregulated inflow into Lake Powell this year as of July is estimated to be only 3.5 maf.

Between 2020 and 2024, the average consumptive use in the Colorado River Basin was 13.1 million acre-feet. That is broken down by:

Upper Basin Use: 3.8 million acre-feet (29%).

  • Lower Basin Use: 6.5 million acre-feet (49%).
  • Mexico Use: 1.4 million acre-feet (11%).
  • Evaporation: 1.4 million acre-feet (11%).

This Final EIS is the culmination of a NEPA process that was initiated in June 2023. Over this three-year period Reclamation engaged extensively with Basin stakeholders and that input is reflected in the alternatives analyzed in the Final EIS and the Preferred Alternative.

Reclamation received more than 18,000 comments, including 785 unique submissions from the public, tribes, states, federal agencies and others after releasing the draft EIS in January 2026. Reclamation evaluated substantive comments and updated the final EIS, with public input helping to shape the preferred alternative.

The Final EIS is available on Reclamationโ€™s website

The final EIS addresses only domestic river operations. A separate binational process addressing water deliveries to Mexico is nearing completion and the Department is committed to continued collaboration with Mexico. The Department will conduct all necessary and appropriate discussions regarding post-2026 operations and implementation of the 1944 Water Treaty with Mexico through the International Boundary and Water Commission in consultation with the Department of State.

Final Environmental Impact Statement Post-2026 Operational Guidelines and Strategies for #LakePowell and #LakeMead — Reclamation #ColoradoRiver #COriver #aridification

Click the link to access the EIS on the Reclamation website. Here’s the abstract:

July 31, 2026

The Secretary of the Department of the Interior, acting through the Bureau of Reclamation, proposes the adoption of new guidelines and coordinated management strategies to address Lake Powell and Lake Mead through their full operating range to take effect when the current agreements expire in 2026. Management strategies will primarily focus on the operation of Glen Canyon Dam and Hoover Dam, but may include actions upstream and downstream of these facilities to protect critical reservoir elevations.

This Final EIS has been prepared to inform the Secretaryโ€™s timely adoption of a new set of guidelines that would be sufficiently robust and provide improved predictability to all water users and managers in the Colorado River Basin. This Final EIS has been prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act to address the formulation and evaluation of specific interim criteria and to identify the potential environmental impacts of implementing such criteria.

Map of the Colorado River drainage basin, created using USGS data. By Shannon1 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0

July 31, 1976: The Big Thompson Flood

Big Thompson Flood, Colorado. Cabin lodged on a private bridge just below Drake, looking upstream. Photo by W. R. Hansen, August 13, 1976. Photo via the USGS.
Big Thompson Flood, Colorado. Cabin lodged on a private bridge just below Drake, looking upstream. Photo by W. R. Hansen, August 13, 1976. Photo via the USGS.

Re-upping this post for July 31, 2026. The flood remains Colorado’s deadliest. Here’s a link to Coyote Gulch coverage mentioning the Big Thompson Flood.

July 31, 1976, Steamboat Springs: I had been wandering around the Flat Tops Wilderness for a week or so with Mrs. Gulch. Drizzle in between downpours during the monsoon. We were holed-up in a hotel to dry out and I phoned my mother to check in.

She asked, “Johnny are you anywhere near the Big Thompson Canyon? There’s been a terrible flood.”

And it was a terrible flood. After the September 2013 floods Allen Best wrote about being part of the disaster response in The Denver Post. It’s a good read on this 40th anniversary. Here’s one passage:

I was at the Big Thompson disaster. I was living in Fort Collins then and was among scores of young men (sorry, women, those were different times) with strong backs who could be summoned in case of forest fires. My only fire was at an old sawmill site in the foothills. The joke was that one of us had set the fire because we were so desperate for minimum-wage work.

Then came July 31. It was hot that night in Fort Collins. It hadnโ€™t rained a drop.

I was living above Geneโ€™s Tavern, just two blocks from the Larimer County Courthouse. When the call came, I was at the sheriffโ€™s office almost immediately. It was 9 p.m.

Being among the first at the command center at the Dam Store west of Loveland, near the mouth of Big Thompson Canyon, I was assigned to a pickup dispatched to look for people in the water near the turnoff to Masonville. Already, the river was out of its banks. From the darkness emerged a figure, dripping and confused. โ€œI went fishing at Horsetooth (Reservoir) and was driving home and then there was all this water,โ€ he sputtered. He was befuddled. So were we.

Our leader decided weโ€™d best get out of there. From what I saw the next morning, that was an excellent decision. Water later covered the road there, too. I spent the night at the Dam Store as the water rose. Helicopters were dispatched, but there was little that could be done. Our lights revealed picnic baskets, beach balls and propane bottles bobbing in the dark, roiling water that raced past us, but never any hands summoning help.

In the morning, we found those hands. The bodies were stripped of clothing and covered with mud. The first I saw was of a woman who we guessed was 18, not much younger than I was then. This thin margin between life and death was startling in my young eyes.

Eventually, 144 people were declared victims of the flooding that night (although one turned up alive in 2008 in Oklahoma).

Estes Park got some rain, but not all that much. The larger story was partway down the canyon, in the Glen Haven and Glen Comfort areas, where the thunderstorm hovered. In just a few hours, it dropped 10 to 14 inches of water.

Downstream in the canyon, just above the Narrows, some people were unaware that anything was amiss until they went outside their houses and saw the water rising in their yards. It hadnโ€™t even rained there. One cabin I saw a few days later was stripped of doors and windows but stood on its foundations, a mound of mud 5 or 6 feet high in the interior. I seem to recall a dog barking as we approached, protecting that small part of the familiar in a world gone mad.

At the old hydroelectric plant where my family had once enjoyed Sunday picnics, the brick building had vanished. Only the turbines and concrete foundation remained. In a nearby tree, amid the branches maybe 10 or 15 feet off the ground, hung a lifeless body.

The river that night carried 32,000 cubic feet per second of water at the mouth of the canyon, near where I was stationed. It happened almost instantaneously โ€” and then it was gone. It was a flash flood.

Here’s an excerpt from a look back forty years from Michelle Vendegna writing for the Longmont Times-Call.

Night on the ledge

“We, Terry Belair-Hassig and Connie Granath-Hays, graduated from Berthoud Jr. Sr. High School the month before, and were anxious to begin the summer. We spent the beautiful, sunny day of July 31, 1976, at a Hewlett-Packard company picnic at Hermit Park not far from Estes Park. After the picnic, we drove up to Estes Park and had dinner at Bob and Tony’s Pizza.

The clouds started moving in about 6 p.m., so we began the drive down to Loveland via U.S. 34. Within minutes, Connie had to pull her car over because the driving rain was causing zero visibility. We needed to get home, so she started out again, but we didn’t get too much farther before we were blocked by trees, boulders and debris washing down the canyon sides. We had just passed the Loveland Heights area โ€” barely three miles since entering the canyon. The closest town, Drake, was miles away.

Connie pulled over to the side of the mountain as far as she could. There were a few other cars in this section doing the same, but we all sat in our cars โ€” planning to wait out the storm. However, once the river began to rise and the water was hitting the tires, we decided to leave the car and start climbing. Connie’s dad had taught her to always ‘be prepared,’ so she had a tarp and a few extra jackets stored in her trunk. We grabbed them before climbing. It was a dark, treacherous climb.

A small group of people scrambled up the mountain near us. Connie gave one of the men her extra jacket. She also had a flashlight which came in handy later in the evening when the lightning wasn’t lighting up the canyon. The other people were lucky enough to find an overhang of rocks to sit under. We tentatively settled on a ledge out in the open, and wrapped ourselves in the tarp. Of course, the tarp was just an old tarp, not waterproof like the ones are today. It protected us for a while, but with the downpour of rain and runoff from the hillside, it too became drenched.

After only a little while, we watched her car, during the lightning flashes, being lifted up and carried down the river. We decided at this point we should climb higher, so we found a ledge where we spent the long, cold night. We had spent many winters skiing and had never been as cold as we were that night.

We sat on that little ledge (3 foot by 1 foot) with our knees drawn up to keep us from sliding off. We sang, shivered, cussed and did anything we could to keep our minds off of how cold and achy we were. We heard and saw cars, houses and propane tanks floating down the river during flashes of lightning. We thought by now it must be about morning time, but looking at our watch, it was about 10 p.m. We had a long night ahead of us.

The next morning was another blue bird day and we were freezing and soaked to the bone. We decided it would be warmer to take our jackets off and left them on the ledge. The road below us had been washed away, but the river had receded enough that we could get off the ledge and move around a little on the steep mountainside. We heard the helicopters for a long time before we saw one. Finally, we were rescued off the side of the mountain by a four-seat helicopter,and dropped off up river on a section of the highway that had survived. There were several other people there. I remember we were all surveying the canyon in a daze. There wasn’t much conversation. I leaned over and picked up a small piece of asphalt and put it in my pocket.

Click here to read the Fort Collins Coloradoan special about the flood.

From Wikipedia:

On July 31, 1976, during the celebration of Colorado’s centennial, the Big Thompson Canyon was the site of a devastating flash flood that swept down the steep and narrow canyon, claiming the lives of 143 people, 5 of whom were never found. This flood was triggered by a nearly stationary thunderstorm near the upper section of the canyon that dumped 300 millimeters (12 inches) of rain in less than 4 hours (more than 3/4 of the average annual rainfall for the area). Little rain fell over the lower section of the canyon, where many of the victims were.

Around 9 p.m., a wall of water more than 6 meters (20 ft) high raced down the canyon at about 6 m/s (14 mph), destroying 400 cars, 418 houses and 52 businesses and washing out most of U.S. Route 34. This flood was more than 4 times as strong as any in the 112-year record available in 1976, with a discharge of 1,000 cubic meters per second (35,000 ftยณ/s).

From The Greeley Tribune (Tyler Silvy):

Officials on Friday detailed how a Big Thompson River that was flowing at 30 cubic feet per second increased to 30,000 by the time it got to the narrows near Sylvan Ranch and the Dam Store.

The 2013 flood, by contrast was flowing at 16,000 cubic feet per second at the same point. But Bob Kimbrough, from the U.S. Geological Survey, said that number can be misleading. Just because it was flowing at less than half the rate, doesnโ€™t mean the water was half as high as it was in 1976. It could have been a foot or two lower, Kimbrough said.

Further, the 2013 flood lasted longer. Where the 1976 flood dissipated nearly as quickly as it rose, the 2013 flood flowed over saturated ground for days, causing foundation failures and greater erosion than the 1976 flood.

Click here to read the extensive coverage from The Estes Park Trail-Gazette.

Why the #GunnisonRiver runs low while #RidgwayReservoir sits nearly full — KVNF #UncompahgreRiver

Black Canyon July 2020. Photo credit: Cari Bischoff

Click the link to read the article on the KVNF website (Brody Wilson). Here’s an excerpt:

July 29, 2026

Between the reservoir and the endangered fish in the lower Gunnison sits the Gunnison Tunnel, which diverts water just below Crystal Reservoir at the head of the Black Canyon and carries it to about 80,000 acres in the Uncompahgre Valley. It belongs to the Uncompahgre Valley Water Users Association (UVWUA), which, as Colorado River District engineer Caleb Foy puts it, “holds a very senior water right” In Colorado, the oldest rights have priority over more junior rights. UVWUA is not untouched. It opened the season at 50% allocation โ€” “just seeing the writing on the wall in regard to the poor hydrologic conditions,” Foy said. This means all UVWUA users receive half as much water as they would in a normal year. UVWUA’s other supply, Ridgway Reservoir, is ~85% full, but by design: the association told shareholders this spring that its “goal is to maintain storage in Ridgway Reservoir until mid-July to help support peak season demands.” And the natural flows in the Uncompahgre and Cow Creek that normally supplements UVWUA through the Spring and summer, delivered nothing โ€” the association “received zero water in regard to direct flow water from the Uncompahgre system this year to date,” Foy said. Blue Mesa, he said, holds “multiple colors of water” โ€” some stored under Aspinall Unit rights, some belonging to the association under a Taylor Park first-fill right. If the reservoir ever fell far enough that only the UVWUA’s water remained, that “would effectively dry up the Black Canyon.” Avoiding that is why the flows in the lower Gunnison are so low. It leaves the basin, in Foy’s words, in “a less risky neighborhood than we would have otherwise been in.”

Map of the Gunnison River drainage basin in Colorado, USA. Made using public domain USGS data. By Shannon1 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69257550

#FryingpanRiver to see high flows as #RuediReservoir releases increase: Water being released to lessen downstream #drought impacts

Ruedi Reservoir was 65% full as of Wednesday. Increased releases out of Ruedi could bump up flows in the Fryingpan River to as high as 700 cfs. Credit: Heather Sackett/Aspen Journalism

Click the link to read the article on the Aspen Journalism website (Heather Sackett):

July 29, 2026

Residents and anglers can expect to see high flows in the Fryingpan River in the month of August as water managers increase releases out of Ruedi Reservoir in an attempt to relieve the worst drought conditions downstream.

The Colorado Water Trust plans to begin releasing from a 4,700-acre-foot pool it leases in Ruedi on Monday. The Glenwood Springs-based Colorado River Water Conservation District also plans to begin releases from its 10,500-acre-foot Ruedi pool next week. Flows in the Fryingpan River are expected to typically be between 300 and 500 cfs while the releases are happening, though they could climb higher. Itโ€™s unclear how long the increased releases will last; it will depend on weather and precipitation over the coming weeks.

Water managers say flooding on the Fryingpan begins to be a concern around 800 cfs; River District officials say water managers will aim to keep the river below 700 cfs.

โ€œWe do not want to cause any flooding; we are very aware of that,โ€ said Brendon Langenhuizen, director of technical advocacy for the River District.

Langenhuizen laid out details of the planned releases at a remote Zoom meeting of local leaders and water managers on Wednesday. 

Although flooding may not happen until 800 cfs, impacts to the Fryingpanโ€™s famous Gold Medal trout fishery happen long before that. Anglers generally like flows to remain below 300 cfs, the level at which wading becomes difficult and potentially dangerous. 

Aspen Mayor Rachel Richards noted the dire conditions downstream, but asked if flows could be kept in the 300 to 350 cfs range when possible.

โ€œAdditionally, itโ€™s more about the warning to fishermen if the water releases are changing rapidly,โ€ Richards said. โ€œI think the notification on the Fryingpan is whatโ€™s really critical here.โ€

Rick Lofaro, executive director of the Basalt-based Roaring Fork Conservancy, said his organization has already started getting the word out. 

โ€œThere is an organization called the Roaring Fork Fishing Guide Alliance, and we are in lockstep with them,โ€ Lofaro said. โ€œWe have already started to alert people to these increased flows, and the fishing community will be notified by the Roaring Fork Conservancy, along with the greater community.โ€ 

Bill Nein, of Salida, prepares to release a brown trout he caught back into the Fryingpan River. Anglers generally like flows to stay below 300 cfs for easy wading.ย CREDIT:ย HEATHER SACKETT/ASPEN JOURNALISM

As of Wednesday, Ruedi was about 65% full. Tim Miller, a hydrologist with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, noted that this yearโ€™s reservoir operations are pacing about 10 days ahead of 2002, which was another year where drought conditions increased releases and lowered water levels at the reservoir. When asked by a U.S. Forest Service representative about when the water level would become too low for the boat ramp to operate, Miller said exactly when is unclear but that it would happen in the next month.

Westwide SNOTEL basin-filled map May 31, 2026.

The Ruedi releases are aimed at alleviating the impacts of the worst snow-drought on record in the upper Colorado River basin, which are being felt on local waterways, as well as farther downstream. Pitkin County has issued a mandatory closure of the Roaring Fork River through the North Star Nature Preserve โ€“ a popular stretch for paddleboards and kayaks โ€“ because of unprecedented low flows. And Colorado Parks and Wildlife has issued voluntary fishing closures on portions of the Roaring Fork, Crystal and Colorado rivers due to low flows and high water temperatures.

The effects of drought are also being felt in the Grand Valley, one of the big agricultural hubs on the Western Slope with some of the most senior water rights on the Colorado River. The water from Ruedi will flow down to be used by irrigators in this area, who are currently about 500 cfs short of the water they need, according to Langenhuizen.

โ€œThis has been a tough year for a lot of people from the bottom of the basin all the way to the top, and a lot of people have been pitching in to help us get through and share resources,โ€ he said. โ€œEverybodyโ€™s kind of taking a hit this year.โ€

The River Districtโ€™s Ruedi releases are part of its 2026 drought response plan. They are meant to cushion the blow of shortages in a pool of water in Green Mountain Reservoir known as the Historic Users Pool. HUP water is released mainly to satisfy farmers and ranchers in the Grand Valley, whose group of senior water rights โ€” known as the Cameo call โ€” are the commanding force on the river. 

When Cameo places a call for its water, it can force junior users all the way up to the headwaters to shut off. The HUP also protects other water users, known as HUP beneficiaries, because without the releases from Green Mountain, Cameo would place more frequent calls, forcing these users to cut back. 

However, this year, the HUP did not fill, causing repercussions up and down the river. 

โ€œThis is really driven because we donโ€™t have HUP coverage, which has an impact on a lot of users in the Colorado River basin, both municipal and irrigators,โ€ Langenhuizen told Aspen Journalism in a separate interview. โ€œWe really tried to look at this as wholesale, like how can we help as many people in the Colorado River basin as possible?โ€

Depending on water demands, the 4,700 acre-feet from the Water Trust could be used by irrigators in the Grand Valley, or it could be used for hydropower generation in the Grand Valley and then flow into the 15-mile reach, a chronically water-short stretch of the Colorado River that is critical habitat for endangered fish. 

Bicycling the Colorado National Monument, Grand Valley in the distance via Colorado.com

Officials to nearly double water release from #RuediReservoir for downvalley #drought — The #Aspen Daily News

Ruedi Reservoir, near the headwaters of the Fryingpan River, was still frozen in early April 2021. CREDIT: HEATHER SACKETT/ASPEN JOURNALISM

Click the link to read the article on The Aspen Daily News website (Drew Shaw). Here’s an excerpt:

July 30, 2026

To bolster the Colorado Riverโ€™s flow downvalley through historic drought, water authorities will be increasing the flow out of the Ruedi Reservoir through August. That water will flow into the Fryingpan River…Water will then flow into the Roaring Fork River, then down the Western Slope, where populations in Grand Valley are in โ€œdire need,โ€ he said…

Green Mountain Reservoir (back in the day) is owned by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and located in Summit County north of Silverthorne along the Blue River. Photo credit: Denver Water.

Traditionally, the Western Slope relies heavily on the Green Mountain Reservoir โ€” about 17 miles south of Kremmling โ€” to sustain a steady Colorado River flow. But due to the stateโ€™s dry, warm winter, that reservoir struggled to fill over the spring. The administrators of Green Mountain Reservoir found that low water levels and fast releases were exacerbating a slow-moving landslide on its banks, so they limited how much water could be released out of the reservoir to half a foot a day…

Tim Miller, a hydrologist with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation that manages the levels at Ruedi Reservoir, said the reservoir played a similar supplemental role in 2002, when Colorado saw another historic drought. This yearโ€™s use of the reservoir is about 10 days ahead of then, he said.

Map of the Roaring Fork River drainage basin in western Colorado, USA. Made using USGS data. By Shannon1 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69290878

The Kawuneeche Valley Restoration Project: Reflections from Beaver Creek — Anneka Lambert,ย Emilia Endara and Mallory Tope (Getches-Wilkinson Center) #ColoradoRiver #COriver #aridification

Kawuneeche Valley. Photo credit: Getches-Wilikinson Center

Click the link to read the article on the Getches-Wilkinson Center website (Anneka Lambert,ย Emilia Endara and Mallory Tope):

July 28, 2026

On July 8, the Getches-Wilkinson Center visited the Kawuneeche Valley restoration site at Beaver Creek in Rocky Mountain National Park. Upon arriving at Beaver Creek, the team met with Isabel de Silva Shewell, the lead ecologist on the project with a background in riparian restoration, who gave us a tour of the restoration site.  

The 30-acre area is located at the headwaters of the Colorado River, and is  surrounded by an exclosure fence tall enough to prevent moose and elk from jumping over. While we were fortunate enough to meet with Isabel and receive a guided tour, members of the public are welcome to enter through the gates and see the restoration efforts firsthand.    

The Kawuneeche Valley Restoration Project/Beaver Creek Site Description 

The Kawuneeche Valley restoration project is an effort to restore the ecosystem impaired by human activity and the climate-driven stressors such as an unpredictable snowpack and overbrowsing by moose. 

Nestled at the base of the Never Summer Mountains, Beaver Creek is one of four tributaries to the mainstem of the Colorado River included in the projectโ€™s restoration efforts. Since the 1950s, there has been a loss of 94% of surface waters associated with beaver ponds, and a 77% loss of tall willow acreage since 1999. As a result, the Kawuneeche Valley has transitioned from its historical beaver-willow wetland ecosystem with a high water table, that supported hydrophilic vegetation and was dominated by tall willow. 

These changes have been driven by human diversion of water, the effects of climate change, and the loss of tall willow due to the influx of large populations of moose. The once-booming beaver population in the area declined with the loss of suitable habitat. Without beaver dams, the water saturation in the soil became insufficient to support a stable riparian buffer. Beaver Creek became loaded with sediment, and water quality declined. The site has been identified as a major contributor of sediment to the mainstem of the Colorado River.  

The Impacts of Moose and Elk at Beaver Creek and Potential Solutions 

In 1978-1979, moose were re-introduced into Rocky Mountain National Park on the west side. https://www.nps.gov/articles/moose-research-in-rocky-mountain-national-park.htm. Initially, only 24 moose were released and largely remained on the west side of the park. Id. Moose are typically solitary animals; however, warmer, shorter winters allowed moose to congregate and populations to boom. Id. Easier passage facilitated the movement of moose across the continental divide to the east side of the park. Id.  

As of 2025, there were 240 moose estimated to be in the park. Id. Willows are a primary food source for moose. However, willows, whose stems only grow about six inches per year, do not regenerate quickly enough to support such a large moose population. Today, the site is marked by what Isabel referred to as โ€œzombie willows,โ€ or willows that have been chewed down by moose, leaving only the woody stems of the plants.  

Evidence of the former beaver-willow ecosystem is found throughout the site. Depressions indicate where beaver dam surface waters had existed in previous decades; willows that had been chewed down to woody stubs have new growth, and wetland vegetation such as sedges dominate the area.  

In addition to constructing beaver dam analogs, the park service is attempting to address moose populations. Exclosure fences have been successful in keeping moose and elk from entering the restoration site. However, this is only one component of long-term population management measures. Discussions of potential solutions include measures put in place in 2008 by the Elk and Vegetation Management Plan (EVMP). In addition to exclosure fences, these efforts also include the culling of individual moose. Hunting is not permitted in the park, and moose have no natural predators in the area to keep populations in check. Therefore, such measures may be necessary to restore balance to the ecosystem.

โ€œBeaver Dam Analoguesโ€ or โ€œTemporary Wood Grade Structures,โ€ or TWGS, (pronounced like twigs), are designed to help back up water and create a lively wetland habitat that encourages healthy biodiversity not just for the cutthroat, but the entire ecosystem. They are being employed in whatโ€™s called โ€œProcess-Based Restoration.โ€ These man-made structures are relatively easy and straightforward to make. They are built with natural resources such as wooden posts, willow branches, aspen branches, and rocks. Though they are simple to create, Remshardt said โ€œweโ€™re not as good at building themโ€ as the beavers. Photo courtesy Rio Grande Headwaters Restoration Project

Beaver Dam Analogs  

The main tool utilized to restore the site to a functioning beaver-willow wetland ecosystem are beaver analogs. Beaver analogs are wooden structures that span the creek in a manner that mimics beaver dams. They raise the water table upstream, increase channel complexity, promote resilience to high runoff in the snowpack, trap fine sediment, and store water across the floodplain. The analogs were built using lodgepoles from the surrounding area to mimic the natural ecosystem sourced from fuel-mitigation events in the park.  

Restoration efforts are already yielding encouraging results. Groundwater quantity is continuously monitored at the site. Since the installation of the analogs in 2024; levels have slowly and steadily risen. Water quality at the site has improved, and benthic microorganisms highly sensitive to water quality have reappeared in the creek.  

With the diminishment of willows over the years, invasive plant species such as the Canada Thistle flourished. Since the start of the project, Isbabel said there has been an evident decrease in Canada Thistle, leaving more room for willows to grow. 

Takeaways and Further Information 

Overall, the GWC would like to thank Isabel and all those at RMNP and the Kawuneeche Valley Restoration Project for this fantastic opportunity. The team greatly enjoyed seeing the site first-hand, looking at the impact of overbrowsing, and how the ecosystem has begun to heal. Being on the headwaters of the Colorado River was a reminder of all the components that go into maintaining a healthy, thriving river that can support the surrounding habitat and those downstream.  

If you are interested in more information about the Kawuneeche Valley Restoration Project, please visit their website at: https://www.nps.gov/romo/the-kawuneeche-valley-restoration-collaborative.htm  

If would like to help out, please consider volunteering at a future event. Previous volunteer opportunities have included revegetation efforts such as willow staking. There is potential for volunteers to help build and maintain materials for dam infrastructure at events in the future. More information can be found here: https://www.nps.gov/romo/getinvolved/volunteer.htm  

For updates on the Kawuneeche Valley, you can sign up for their newsletter at: https://lp.constantcontactpages.com/sl/WKvPewd 

Colorado River Kawuneeche Valley May 19, 2023.

More Countries Are Factoring Fairness Into the Clean Energy Transition: Countries with strong environmental governance and trusted institutions are well positioned to pivot away from #FossilFuels, a new United Nations report finds — Bob Berwyn (InsideClimateNews.org)

A pronghorn hangs out among Wyoming wind turbines. Better integration of the Western grid would allow California and Arizona to draw on Wyoming wind to back up solar when the sun goes down. Jonathan P. Thompson photo.

Click the link to read the article on the Inside Climate News website (Bob Berwyn):

July 28, 2026

Countries around the globe are proving that cutting greenhouse gas emissions doesnโ€™t have to come at the expense of vulnerable communities, workers, Indigenous peoples or ecosystems. A new United Nations Environment Programme report released Tuesday highlights a range of international laws and policies that are putting the once-aspirational idea of a โ€œjust transitionโ€ into practice.

In climate and energy policy, a just transition aims to shift economies away from fossil fuels while ensuring that the costs and benefits are shared fairly. That means creating alternative livelihoods for workers and communities dependent on fossil fuels, involving affected people in decision-making and creating new economic opportunities. 

Although the term โ€œjust transitionโ€ often is swept into ideological debates about climate and energy policy, the underlying concept is simple. Itโ€™s like planning to replace an unsafe community bridge. Everyone agrees a new bridge is needed, but if people canโ€™t afford the toll, or if the construction cuts off neighborhoods, the project may solve one logistical problem while creating several others. A just transition means designing the changes so the benefits outweigh the burdens, especially for the people most affected, by involving them in the process.

The report marks a shift from 10 years ago, when โ€œjust transitionโ€ was a broad principle embedded in the Paris Agreement. Drawing on legal and policy developments from around the world, the UNEP report emphasizes that integrating principles such as participation and transparency is key to accelerating the transition to a low-carbon economy and making it more sustainable.

Fairness is not an optional add-on; itโ€™s crucial for the long-term success of transition policies, said Patricia Kameri-Mbote, director of UNEPโ€™s law division, who reviewed the report for the international agency.

โ€œThe design and implementation of transition processes will determine whether there is a transition at all,โ€ Kameri-Mbote said. โ€œJust transition is a test of governance, legitimacy, and the rule of law.โ€

After studying just transition approaches in different countries, the authors wrote: โ€œThere is no one-size-fits-all model for just transition. It must be context-specific and grounded in national realities.โ€

In Poland, where coal has long been central to the economy, the government negotiated a long-term agreement with mining unions before closing mines. The plan included a gradual phaseout with retraining, economic assistance for towns and support for families to give communities years, not months, to adjust to the changes.

Colombia is granting Indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities a stake in renewable energy projects and the revenue they generate. Indonesia is helping former coal towns rebuild economies around tourism and local businesses. And Canada has backed financing that allows Indigenous communities to own stakes in clean-energy and infrastructure projects, rather than simply hosting them.

โ€œMaking just transition work in practice is complex, nuanced and context-specific,โ€ Kameri-Mbote wrote via email. But the case studies analyzed in the report helped identify key elements of a resilient and just transition, including strong human rights and environmental laws, effective access to courts and โ€œadequate and accountable financing,โ€ she added.

A Fairer World

Ultimately, a just transition is about making the world fairer, said Rachel Cleetus, senior climate and energy policy director with the Union of Concerned Scientists. The report shows that what matters most is peopleโ€™s everyday lives, affordable access to energy and protecting vulnerable populations from the devastating impacts of intensifying climate extremes. 

Cleetus said the report doesnโ€™t directly address the fossil fuel industryโ€™s near-stranglehold over climate and energy policy. Policies to promote just transitions must, at some point, also break that power, she said. [ed. emphasis mine]

Nikki Reisch, climate and energy program director at the Center for International Environmental Law, said via email that the reportโ€™s focus on rule of law, rights and inclusion is critical, but added that โ€œitโ€™s also critical to name what we are transitioning away from โ€“ fossil fuels โ€“ and what justice looks like after centuries of harm.โ€

Last yearโ€™s International Court of Justice climate advisory opinion made clear that โ€œStates have a legal duty to prevent and remedy climate harm and protect human rights,โ€ she said. โ€œThatโ€™s not possible without leaving fossil fuels behind and holding polluters to account.โ€

Grounded in Law

The report traces the roots of the just transition concept to the U.S. labor movement in the 1970s as an emerging response to perceived threats of environmental regulation to jobs in certain industries. Unions began adopting transition resolutions, and in 1997, an international coalition of unions and environmental advocates founded the global Just Transition Alliance

The idea entered climate discussions in the late 1990s, โ€œwhen international trade union federations started using the term to describe potential job losses associated with a rapid move away from fossil fuels, while acknowledging the labor risks posed by climate change itself,โ€ according to the report.

As the United Nations climate talks eyed binding emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol in the late 1990s, climate change was controversial in the international labor movement. British, German and Spanish unions supported binding greenhouse gas cuts, while many North American unions, including the United Mineworkers of America, lobbied against them.

At the COP30 climate summit in Brazil in 2025, the 198 countries in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to shift from planning to implementation.

They confirmed that transition pathways are nationally determined, must align with the goal of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming and should be implemented through each countryโ€™s climate plan.

The new report โ€œrightly argues that justice must be built into both the process and the outcomes of the transition,โ€ said Chukwumerije Okereke, professor of global governance and public policy at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom.

โ€œPeople are talking about a โ€˜just transitionโ€™ because experience has shown that climate policies succeed only when they are perceived as fair,โ€ he said. โ€œIf workers lose jobs, communities bear disproportionate costs, or developing countries are expected to decarbonize without the resources to do so, political resistance grows.โ€

For many developing countries, justice also means โ€œpreserving the policy space to pursue economic development while tackling climate change,โ€ he said. The next phase of global debates about just transitions will extend beyond protecting workers to making sure countries maintain economic independence so they can design transition plans best suited to their own circumstances, he said.

The new report tries to formulate a definition of just transition that goes beyond the traditional labor-centric or sectoral approach โ€œby leveraging an environmental rule of law framework,โ€ Kameri-Mbote said.

The growing urgency of the energy transition bolsters the need for strong environmental laws and institutions because governments can be tempted to focus on cutting emissions while overlooking who bears the costs, who benefits and who gets a say, she said. The report shows that environmental rule of law provides guardrails that can help ensure a rapid transition is fair and sustainable.

Directly writing just transition principles into law is a key step, including rights-based approaches aimed at preventing violations. And, the report says, affected people must have real influence early in the planning process. They also need a reliable legal system to challenge bad decisions or when governments or companies donโ€™t follow the rules.

Environmental rule of law is the machinery that turns just transition from a good intention into something enforceable and implementable, Kameri-Mbote said. 

In 2002, we had #ColoradoRiver water cushions. Now theyโ€™re gone — Allen Best (BigPivots.com) #COriver #aridification

L to R: Allen Best, Alan Salazar, Siri Roman, Pat Mulroy during the panel discussion “Liquid Courage” at the Museum of Nature & Science, July 21, 2026. Photo credit: Big Pivots

Click the link to read the article on the Big Pivots website (Allen Best):

July 27, 2026

โ€œWe know climate change is real. We know weโ€™re living it, but no one expected it to move this quickly.โ€

As moderator at last weekโ€™s water forum held at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, I posed the question to our three panelists about this hot and dry summer after last winterโ€™s exceptional warmth and dearth of snow.

โ€œFrom where you sit now, is this any different from what weโ€™ve been through before?โ€

Pat Mulroy, a senior fellow at the University of Nevada, Las Vegasโ€™ Boyd School of Law and the former longtime general manager of the Southern Nevada Water Authority, is an advocate for extensively rethinking how the Colorado River is managed. (Image: University of Nevada, Las Vegasโ€™ Boyd School of Law)

Pat Mulroy was quick to answer. She calls herself a โ€œrecovering CEO.โ€ For 23 years she oversaw the Southern Nevada Water Authorityโ€˜s operations in Las Vegas and its suburbs. Early in her watch, the population of Clark County, where Las Vegas is located, exceeded the population of Manhattan. It now has a population of 2.5 million people.

The metro area there gets 90% of its water from the Colorado River via tunnels into three levels of Lake Mead. The newest โ€” one she championed, despite a cost of $1 billion โ€” comes up from underneath the reservoir. Even when Hoover Dam backs up too little water to be released downstream, Las Vegas will have access to water.

โ€œI always love coming to Denver, now that I no longer come to Denver as the protagonist from the evil lower basin,โ€ she said.

Footnote here: Many who had never heard Mulroy speak before were astonished at her liveliness.

โ€œThis summer is different only because the cumulative effect of all the summers that went before has come home to roost,โ€ she continued.

โ€œAll the cushion we have (had) is gone. I mean, itโ€™s one thing to have 2002 when you had a bad winter and Lake Powell started going down rapidly, but Lake Mead still had (water to an elevation of) over 1,200 feet. Weโ€™re now seeing the very real possibility that Lake Mead is going to go to 900 feet by next year. That would be 10 feet above deadpool.โ€

Deadpool is the water level that is so low that water can no longer be released from a dam. The level at which electricity can no longer be produced is higher.

Mulroy went on to say that while the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California is taking steps to โ€œreplenishโ€ Mead โ€” by taking less water than allotted โ€” the problem continues to worsen. That indicates the depth of this problem.

โ€œItโ€™s never ending, and the rate of change is so much faster than any of us expected,โ€ added Mulroy. โ€ We know climate change is real. We know weโ€™re living it, but no one expected it to move this quickly.โ€

Siri Roman via her Facebook page.

Siri Roman was next. She manages the Vail-based Eagle River Water and Sanitation District. โ€œI think that 2002 changed water in Colorado, and 2026 is going to change it completely again. A lot of our planning and assumptions are being challenged this year,โ€ she said.

โ€œI mean, it was 80 degrees for two weeks in March. Watching our very little snowpack โ€” the lowest snowpack we had on record โ€” nearly melt out in March was quite alarming to us.โ€

Eagle River Water and Sanitation District has several small reservoirs. Among them is the reservoir at Vail Pass, another near Camp Hale, and a third near Minturn.

โ€œThey werenโ€™t able to fill because the stream flows were so low. There are a lot of things we rely on that weโ€™re not going to be able to rely on moving forward. How do we get creative, looking at demand and other solutions about how to prepare for a drier year?โ€ Roman continued.

โ€œStatistically, theyย always say you wonโ€™t get two years like this in a row. I donโ€™t think we can say that anymore. We canโ€™t rely on the statistics because weโ€™re seeing such abnormal patterns.โ€ [ed. emphasis mine]

Denver Board of Water Commissioners/Courtesy photo.

Alan Salazar, the third panelist, is CEO of Denver Water. The water agency delivers water to about 25% of the 6 million Coloradans. โ€œWe use just 2% of the stateโ€™s water, and that has been pretty steady going back through the 1970s. That didnโ€™t happen by accident, because we took measures. My predecessor and Denver water employees in the last 20 years use water more efficiently and with conservation in mind.โ€

Salazar had high-level positions as policy advisor to several  elected officials, mostly in Colorado. One of them was the former U.S. Sen. Mark Udall, an advocate of protecting natural resources and an early advocate of public awareness around climate change. He recalled what his boss had told him: โ€œAlan, no matter how many laws we pass, no matter how many regulations we implement, Mother Nature bats last. And boy, is she batting.โ€

As compared to 2002, he said, this year is more extreme. โ€œWe had a heat dome that made the spring more difficult, and itโ€™s partly why the response from our customers has lagged, because even though there are water restrictions, the extremes in temperatures have put greater pressure on water use. So, itโ€™s quite a bit different.โ€

These remarks were delivered early in the 90-minute sessions devoted to water and urban uses in Colorado and somewhat beyond.

The museumโ€™s Institute for Science and Policy will hold another session on Aug. 27 in its two-part Liquid Courage series. This next session will have four panelists:

  • Robert Sakata, a farmer from Brighton and now a senior adviser at the Colorado Department of Agriculture;
  • Anne Castle, a former Interior Department undersecretary for water in the Obama administration now affiliated with the Getches-Wilkinson Center at the University of Colorado Law School;
  • Nathan Coombs, a San Luis Valley farmer and aย member of the Colorado Water Conservation Board; and
  • Sarah Jones, co-founder of Rye Resurgence and co-owner of Jones Farm Organics near Hooper, in the San Luis Valley.

You can register here.ย The session last week sold out.

Denver City Park sunrise from the Denver Museum of Nature & Science

The Big Data Center Buildup comes for … public lands?: “First they came for your electricity, then they came for your water, then they came for your brains, and now the AI data centers are coming for your public lands” — Jonathan P. Thompson (LandDesk.org)

A utility-scale solar facility on BLM land outside Boulder City, Nevada. The proposed Townsite Solar 2 data center would be located near here. Jonathan P. Thompson photo.

Click the link to read the article on The Land Desk website (Jonathan P. Thompson):

July 24, 2026

๐Ÿค–ย Data Center Watchย ๐Ÿ‘พ ๐ŸŒตย Public Landsย ๐ŸŒฒ

First they came for your electricity, then they came for your water, then they came for your brains, and now the AI data centers are coming for your public lands.

Okay, thatโ€™s a bit dramatic, but it is true, at least in one case. This summer, the Bureau of Land Management quietly approved a Texas natural gas and power market-focused hedge fundโ€™s proposal to build a large data center on public land outside Boulder City, Nevada. The agency did not seek public input on the decision, nor did it subject the project to an environmental review, drawing pushback and criticism from Boulder City residents and officials as well as state and federal lawmakers.

This is the only known incidence of the BLM approving a data center on public land. But it may not be for long. Cities, towns, and counties are growing increasingly wary of the facilities, imposing stricter regulations and even outright bans that could push developers to seek cheaper, friendlier places to build. Under the Trump administration, which is looking to win the AI โ€œwar,โ€ federal lands may be the cheapest and most regulation-free place to put a server farm. Both the Biden and Trump administrations invited data center developers to look to Department of Energy lands, but there hasnโ€™t been an open call to do the same with BLM lands. 

The Boulder City saga started years ago, when Skylar Energy Resources, a subsidiary of Skylar Capital Management, proposed the 19-megawatt Townsite Solar 2 facility on 76 acres of BLM land four miles southwest of Boulder City, the town created in the 1920s to house Hoover Dam construction workers. The project would have been adjacent to the existing Townsite solar facility, which was developed by Skylar but is now owned by Arevon Energy. In 2023 the BLM approved the project, though construction has yet to begin.

Late last year, Skylar โ€” operating as Townsite Solar 2 (TS2) โ€” proposed a 170 MW, โ€œhigh-density,โ€ AI data center campus on 88.5 acres of land owned by Boulder City that is also near the existing solar facilities. TS2 had previously planned to build a solar-plus-battery-storage installation on this parcel. That proposal was met with strong opposition from Boulder City residents, who worried about the facilityโ€™s outsized energy use and its potential water consumption. Following the backlash, developers said they would use a hybrid closed-loop โ€œultra-low or zero liquid dischargeโ€ cooling system, which would use treated effluent rather than potable water (also increasing energy consumption). The lease would generate approximately $1.47 million annually for the city, plus property taxes and permit fees.

At the same time that it applied to the city, however, Skylar also went to the BLM, requesting an amendment to its solar facility right-of-way so that it could build a data center on the public land, instead. In June the BLM granted its approval, sans environmental review or public input, and withdrew its application for the city-owned property.

Iโ€™ve written here frequently about the Big Data Center Buildup, as tech firms build bigger and bigger โ€” and more and more water- and energy-intensive โ€” server farms in Phoenix, Tucson, southeastern New Mexico, on the shores of the Great Salt Lake, outside Cheyenne, and even in Page, Arizona, and Alaska. Perhaps inevitably, the Big Buildup is now confronting an even bigger backlash.

People from across the political and demographic spectrum are rising up and opposing these facilities for a variety of reasons. All data centers use a lot of energy, with the newer โ€œhyperscaleโ€ facilities gobbling up even more power. Some are purchasing solar, wind, or geothermal energy to power the facilities, but even many of the greenest-leaning ones rely on dirty natural gas generators for backup. Meanwhile, the natural gas and coal industries are licking their chops at the prospect of rising demand for fossil fuel-generated power, since renewables alone canโ€™t keep up with the skyrocketing rise in demand. Also, data centers can exacerbate urban heat islands, which sucks if you happen to live next door to one. 

Data centers also use quite a bit of water, but the amount varies depending on what type of cooling system is used. Closed-loop systems need to be filled up only occasionally, and are less water-intensive, while evaporative systems use far more water. The catch is that using less water for cooling often means using more energy for the same; if the energy comes from a thermal plant fired by gas or coal, power-generation can also use a lot of water. Still, the volumes pale compared to some other uses, most notably agriculture.


Big Tech invades Nevada’s power grid (and desert) — Jonathan P. Thompson

Data Centers: The Big Buildup of the Digital Age — Jonathan P. Thompson


๐Ÿฅต Aridification Watch ๐Ÿซ

When a region suffers through a hot and dry winter a quarter century into the worst megadrought to hit the area in 1,200 years, many of us will intuitively link it to climate change and global warming. But intuition is not science, and there may be other plausible explanations.

Most of the West has just experienced the warmest nine-month period during the last 131 years, putting the region on pace to have its hottest water year on record.

But now the science has spoken โ€” in the form of a peer-reviewed paper* out of the Colorado School of Mines โ€” and it has determined that this yearโ€™s snow drought was almost certainly the result of human-caused climate change.

The authors used a probabilistic approach to assessing climate changeโ€™s role in the Westโ€™s 2026 snow drought. And they found that across the West as a whole, the 2026 snow drought was about four times more likely to occur in the current climate than during the 1850-1900 comparison period. In the Upper Colorado River Basin, where the drought was most severe, this yearโ€™s dire conditions were about 14 times more likely in our current climate than in pre-industrial times, โ€œwith the uncertainty range reaching into conditions so extreme that probabilities are difficult to estimate with confidence.โ€

This isnโ€™t just confirmation of what may seem obvious to long-time observers. More critically, it indicates that this yearโ€™s lack of snow is no longer just a once in a century event, and that if the climate continues to heat up, these dry spells may become more common.

*A.M. Marshall,M. Cowherd,S. Rahimi, & Y. Ye, The 2026 western US snow drought was about four times more likely due to climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 123 (30) e2612961123, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2612961123 (2026).


๐Ÿ›ข๏ธ Hydrocarbon Hoedown ๐Ÿ“ˆ

The Navajo Methane Coalition has released an animated video explaining how methane emissions from oil and gas facilities can harm Dinรฉ communities, and detailing ways to tackle the problem. Itโ€™s an especially important issue now, as the Trump administration rolls back methane waste prevention rules. Check it out:


โ›ˆ๏ธ Wacky Weather Watchโšก๏ธ

The monsoon is here and it is causing some serious mayhem in some places, especially in western New Mexico and in Arizona. 

The Gallup area received at least two inches of rain in one day, causing the Rio Puerco to go from dry to raging river in a matter of hours. And it wasnโ€™t just the Puerco. Several Gallup streets, including Route 66, turned into virtual rivers that were more than tire-deep in some places, causing hazards for motorists. Zuni Pueblo was also was inundated with water.

The Rio Puerco does not seem to have a working streamflow gage, so I checked out the Little Colorado River near Winslow, downstream from its confluence with the Puerco, and it got really, really big.

๐Ÿ“ธย Parting Shotsย ๐ŸŽž๏ธ

The beauty of the monsoon sky. Jonathan P. Thompson photo.
The beauty of the monsoon sky. Jonathan P. Thompson photo.

#Drought news July 30, 2026: This week saw very hot and dry conditions across areas of the W. U.S. and the Plains states where average temperatures soared well above normal levelsโ€”significantly elevating evaporate demand

Click on a thumbnail graphic to view a gallery of drought data from the US Drought Monitor website.

Click the link to go to the US Drought Monitor website. Here’s an excerpt:

This Week’s Drought Summary

This U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) week saw very hot and dry conditions across areas of the Western U.S. and the Plains states where average temperatures soared well above normal levelsโ€”significantly elevating evaporate demand, especially across the Upper Midwest, Northern Plains, Colorado, and the Texas Panhandle where conditions deteriorated rapidly. Elsewhere, heavy rains across areas of the Mid-Atlantic states, Southeast, and the South, led to widespread improvements on the map in drought-affected areas. In North Carolina, rainfall totals for the week ranged from 3 to 8+ inches across the state leading to a significant improvement in drought-related conditions statewide. In the Northeast, recent isolated shower activity helped to improve drought conditions; however, the impacts of the longer-term drought continue to affect groundwater conditions in areas of Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In the Upper Midwest, drought expanded and intensified on the map, especially across Minnesota and Wisconsin where composite flash drought indicators were showing severe to extreme flash drought conditions during the past week. Out West, the Four Corners states continued to receive beneficial monsoonal rainfall with isolated areas receiving 2 to 4 inches. In portions of Arizona and western New Mexico, precipitation during the past 30-day period has been above normal, boosting streamflow and soil moisture levels while improving vegetation health. In the Pacific Northwest, short-term dryness has led to a dip in soil moisture and streamflow levels in areas of western Oregon and Washington. In the Great Basin, recent monsoonal rains have provided some minor relief to drought-affected areas of eastern Nevada.

In terms of reservoir storage in the West, Californiaโ€™s reservoirs continue to be at or above historical averages for the date (July 28), with the stateโ€™s two largest reservoirs, Lake Shasta and Lake Oroville seeing slight decreases over the past week, at 99% and 108% of average, respectively. In the Southwest, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation is reporting (July 26) Lake Powell at 23% full (33% of average for the date; lowest on record for the date in the last 30 years), Lake Mead at 27% full (45% of average for the date; lowest on record for the date in the last 30 years), and the total Colorado River system (July 26) at 33% of capacity (compared to 39% of capacity the same time last year). [ed. emphasis mine] According to the Salt River Project, the Salt River reservoir system in Arizona is currently 48% full, Verde River system 59% full, and the total reservoir system at 50% full (compared with 59% full a year ago)…

High Plains

For the week, drought-related conditions deteriorated across the region including in the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kansas where temperatures were well above normal, especially in western portions of the region where anomalies ranged from 3 to 9 ยฐF above normal. NDMCโ€™s flash drought composite map (July 27) also showed flash drought conditions developing with numerous drought impact reports coming into the NDMCโ€™s Condition Monitoring Observer Report (CMOR) reporting system during the past 7-day periodโ€”especially in the Dakotas in relation to crop and rangeland conditions. Looking at climatological rankings for the past 30-day period, numerous locations ranked among their warmest or near warmest mean temperatures on record, including: Rapid City NWS Weather Forecast Office, SD (warmest on record; +8 ยฐF departure); Custer, SD (3rd warmest; +6 ยฐF departure); Bismarck, ND (5th warmest; +5 ยฐF departure); and Fargo, ND (3rd warmest; +5 ยฐF departure)…

Colorado Drought Monitor one week map ending July 28, 2026.

West

On the map, drought-related conditions deteriorated in areas of eastern Colorado, eastern New Mexico, southeastern California, and western Washington. Conversely, beneficial monsoonal rainfall led to improvements across Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, southeastern Utah, and northeastern Nevada. In the Southwest, an active monsoonal pattern (June 15 to present) has led to above-normal precipitation, especially in Arizona where percentages of normal have ranged from 150% to 250% above normal across southeastern, central, and northern portions of the state. According to the NWS Forecast Office in Tucson, AZ monsoon statistics, the following Arizona locations have received above-normal rainfall for the monsoon season: Nogales, Sierra Vista, Wilcox, Ajo, Globe, Apache Junction, Flagstaff, Kingman, Page, Prescott, Show Low, and Winslow. In Colorado, drought expanded and intensified on the map in response to anomalously warm temperatures, decreased soil moisture levels, and elevated evaporative demand. Looking at climatological rankings for the past 30-day period, numerous locations ranked among their warmest or near warmest mean temperatures on record, including: Montrose, CO (warmest on record; +3 ยฐF departure); Dinosaur, CO (warmest on record; +4 ยฐF departure); Grand Junction, CO (2nd warmest; +4 ยฐF departure); Trinidad, CO (2nd warmest; +4 ยฐF departure); Denver, CO (2nd warmest; +3 ยฐF departure); Rock Springs, WY (3rd warmest; +4 ยฐF departure); Casper, WY (3rd warmest; +5 ยฐF departure); Salt Lake City, UT (5th warmest; +4 ยฐF departure); and Pocatello, ID (5th warmest; +4 ยฐF departure)…

South

On this weekโ€™s map, widespread improvements were made in drought-affected areas of Tennessee where rainfall has been well above normal during the past 30-to-60-day period across much of the state. In southern Texas, areas of drought expanded where hot and dry conditions have prevailed during the past 30 days. In the Texas Panhandle, short and longer-term dryness led to intensification of drought with year-to-date precipitation deficits ranging from 3 to 8+ inches. Looking at the reservoir situation, Water Data for Texas (July 29) reports statewide reservoirs at 78% full, with eastern reservoirs in good condition while numerous western, northern (Panhandle), and southern reservoirs remain below normal. Looking at climatological rankings for the past 30-days, record to near-record mean temperatures were observed in areas of the region, including in Brownville, TX (2nd warmest on record; +2 ยฐF departure), Amarillo, TX (8th warmest; +3 ยฐF departure), Gulfport, MS (4th warmest; +2 ยฐF departure) and Jackson, MS (5th warmest; +2 ยฐF departure). Average temperatures for the week were above normal across most of the region (1 to 10+ ยฐF) with the greatest anomalies observed in the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas…

Looking Ahead

The NWS Weather Prediction Centerโ€™s 5-Day Quantitative Precipitation Forecast calls for the heavy precipitation accumulations across portions of the Gulf Coast from southeastern Louisiana to west-central Florida, where totals ranging from 3 to 5+ inches are expected. In other areas of the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic, lighter accumulations, generally ranging from 1 to 2+ inches, are expected. In the Northeast, Midwest, and eastern portions of the High Plains, precipitation accumulations generally ranging from 1 to 4+ inches are expected. In the Four Corners states, isolated monsoonal rainfall with accumulations ranging from 1 to 2 inches are forecast, while dry conditions are expected across most of the Intermountain West, Great Basin, and West Coast states.

The NWS 6-10-Day Temperature Outlook, valid August 3-7, 2026, favors above-normal temperatures across most of the contiguous United States, with the highest probabilities centered across California, the Great Basin, Desert Southwest, and portions of the central and southern Rockies. Above-normal temperatures are also favored across the Plains, Midwest, South, Southeast, and the Northeast. Near-normal temperatures are favored across portions of the Pacific Northwest and central Gulf Coast. Across Alaska, above-normal temperatures are favored, while near-normal temperatures are forecast for Southwest Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Above-normal temperatures are favored across Hawaii.

The NWS 6-10-Day Precipitation Outlook favors above-normal precipitation across portions of the Southwest, western and southern Texas, southern Florida, Upper Midwest, and the Northeast. Below-normal precipitation is favored across portions of the Pacific Northwest, northern Rockies, northern Great Basin, and western portions of the Plains states. Elsewhere, near-normal conditions are expected. In the Hawaiian Islands, above-normal precipitation is favored.

US Drought Monitor one week map ending July 28, 2026.

How do scientists know if climate change made a heat wave, extreme storm or wildfireย worse?

Two people walk in opposite directions on a city street, one carrying an umbrella for shade and the other wiping his face with a handkerchief.
People try to stay cool on the sweltering streets of Manhattan during a heat wave in July 2025. Spencer Platt/Getty Images

Kevin T. Smiley, Louisiana State University ; Deepti Singh, Washington State University; Jennifer Marlon, Yale University, and Jim Hurrell, Colorado State University

When a devastating heat wave, hurricane, flood or wildfire strikes, people often want to know: How much did human-caused climate change influence this event, if at all?

For many years, scientists could answer that question only in general terms. They knew that human-caused climate change was increasing the frequency or intensity of some kinds of extreme weather, but determining its influence on a particular event was much more difficult.

Today, researchers can provide a scientifically grounded answer that assesses whether climate change made a heat wave hotter, increased rainfall from a hurricane, or made a drought more severe. But the answers are not always straightforward, and they are not equally certain for every type of extreme event.

A person walks through a flooded street with damaged buildings, including a church, behind them.
Rapid attribution studies suggested that climate change made the heavy rainfall from Hurricane Heleneโ€™s remnants, which devastated mountain communities like Marshall, N.C., more likely than if the storm had occurred in a cooler climate. Jabin Botsford/The Washington Post via Getty Images

We served on the 14-member National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine committee that produced a new report that reviewed where this rapidly developing field, known as extreme event attribution, stands today.

The report concludes that advances in weather and climate data, climate models and attribution methods have substantially strengthened scientistsโ€™ ability to assess the influence of climate change on many types of extreme events, while also identifying important scientific limitations.

How can scientists study a single event?

Weather events result from many interacting factors, including the day-to-day state of the atmosphere.

Scientists conducting extreme event attribution studies arenโ€™t asking whether climate change caused a hurricane, heat wave or flood. Instead, theyโ€™re asking how climate change influenced that event: How would this event have differed in a world without increased greenhouse gases, and how have the chances of it occurring been altered by warming?

Researchers answer that question using two complementary approaches:

Both approaches combine weather and climate data, physical understanding of how the climate system works, and computer models. Scientists can compare results from multiple approaches to determine whether they point to the same conclusion and how much confidence to place in the results.

For example, studies of Hurricane Harvey, which dumped 50 inches of rain in parts of the Houston area in 2017 and caused widespread flooding, concluded that climate change increased the amount of rainfall the storm produced. Multiple studies using different approaches reached broadly consistent conclusions, illustrating how scientists conducting attribution studies can build confidence in the conclusions by drawing on several independent lines of evidence.

Scientists are more confident about some events than others

One of the reportโ€™s most important conclusions is that attribution science is not equally able to assess every kind of extreme weather.

Confidence is highest for events whose relationship to a warming climate is well understood and well represented in climate models.

Bubbles show which extreme events can be most easily assessed for the role of climate change
Scientists have the highest confidence in extreme attribution for events with temperature extremes and the lowest confidence for convective storms, such as tornadoes. The bubble size is proportional to the number of extreme event attribution studies conducted. National Academy of Sciences

Extreme heat is the clearest example. As greenhouse gas concentrations have increased with the burning of fossil fuels, just about every region of the world has experienced more frequent and more intense heat extremes. Scientists understand how increasing greenhouse gases warm the atmosphere and make heat extremes more likely and more intense, making it possible to attribute many individual heat waves with high confidence.

Confidence is also relatively high for attributing the contributions of climate change for large-scale heavy rainfall events, tropical cyclones, and droughts in some regions. A warmer atmosphere is thirstier โ€“ it draws more moisture, worsening droughts and fueling heavier downpours when storms form.

The contribution of climate change remains more difficult to assess for other weather hazards. Severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, large hail and damaging straight-line winds depend on small-scale atmospheric processes that global climate models still struggle to represent accurately. Data for these events is also less complete, making it harder to detect long-term changes and evaluate climate models.

Some events are becoming increasingly complex. For instance, multiple events can occur simultaneously or in succession, leading to compounding or cascading effects, such as drought that worsens wildfire risk. Attribution science is just beginning to account for these interactions.

These challenges do not mean climate change has no influence on these events. Rather, they reflect a fundamental principle of science: confidence depends on the strength of the available evidence.

Understanding how climate change influences extreme events helps communities, businesses and governments better assess changing risks, improve planning and infrastructure, and make more informed decisions about preparedness and adaptation. Just as importantly, knowing where confidence is lower helps ensure that decisions remain grounded in the strength of the available scientific evidence.

Why attribution science is getting better

The science of extreme event attribution has progressed significantly since the National Academiesโ€™ last assessment of it in 2016.

Researchers now have access to longer and better observational records from weather stations, satellites and other monitoring systems. Climate models have become more sophisticated, better representing the physical processes that produce extreme weather, thus representing many types of extreme weather more realistically.

At the same time, the number of attribution studies analyzing climate changeโ€™s role in extreme events has grown considerably, covering more types of extreme weather and climate events than a decade ago. International research groups now apply established methods to conduct rapid attribution studies, often within days of disasters, providing scientifically grounded information while events are fresh in the public mind.

Cattle gather around a pond with low water levels amid a very dry landscape.
Studies suggested that higher temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change turned the 2020-2022 Western drought into an exceptional drought. In some areas, ranchers facing drying rangeland sold off cattle. Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

Scientists are also asking a new question: How did climate change affect the results of the event? For example, how did it affect the number of heat-related deaths, the extent of flooding, economic losses or ecological damage?

Hurricane Harvey again provides a useful example. The National Academies report highlights research showing that climate change increased Harveyโ€™s rainfall by roughly 20% to 38%. Studies also found that the increase in rainfall attributed to climate change led to a proportionally even larger increase in the number of flooded properties, showing that relatively modest increases in the intensity of an extreme event can sometimes translate into much larger increases in societal impacts.

Extreme weather and climate change moving forward

As extreme weather affects communities around the world, attribution science is becoming an increasingly robust way to understand how climate change influences individual extreme weather events, providing information that can help communities prepare for and adapt to future risks.

Equally important, attribution studies identify where scientific confidence is high, where important uncertainties remain, and where additional research is needed. Together, these advances help ensure that scientific conclusions remain grounded in observations, physical understanding and careful analysis.

Kevin T. Smiley, Associate Professor of Sociology, Louisiana State University ; Deepti Singh, Associate Professor School of the Environment, Washington State University; Jennifer Marlon, Research Scientist, Yale University, and Jim Hurrell, Professor and Scott Presidential Chair in Environmental Science and Engineering, Colorado State University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Is #Colorado project a victim of President Trump’s ire?: Lawsuit says Trump team has frozen review of project near Sand Creek Massacre site in tax-starvedย  Kiowa County — Allen Best (BigPivots.com) #renewables #wind

Eads. Photo credit: Allen Best/Big Pivots

Click the link to read the article on the Big Pivots website (Allen Best):

July 26, 2026

Eads, a small town on Coloradoโ€™s windy eastern plains, has been shedding population for many decades. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth isnโ€™t helping any.

Federal law requires the developer of wind projects with turbines higher than 200 feet to submit plans to the Federal Aviation Administration for review. The FAA, in turn, refers those projects to the Department of Defense to assess whether they could affect military operations, radar systems, flight paths, or national security.

In August 2025, Hegsethโ€™s department slowed those reviews. In April came reports that the laggard pace of reviews had stalled entirely.

In Colorado, this stall has impacted at least one project, the 500-megawatt Towner Wind Energy II (or West) Project. A twin project, the similar-sized Towner Wind Energy I (or East) project had already received clearance and is now under construction.

Colorado Attorney General Phil Weiser in July joined 17 other states and the District of Columbia in seeking to intervene in a lawsuit that contests what they call a freeze on reviews. They say the unresponsiveness of the Department of Defense is politically motivated and violates federal law.

โ€œSince President Trump took office in 2025, his Administration has attempted to halt wind projects through presidential memoranda, secretarial orders, agency instruction, permit denials, sudden reversals of established policies and practices, unlawful settlements, and a host of other actions,โ€ says the motion to intervene.

At least $2.687 billion in private investment and 7,124 jobs are at risk in Colorado, according to the court filing. Big Pivots was unable to identify other wind projects in Colorado that may be in limbo because of the federal freeze. Nationwide, according to American Clean Power Association, 150 wind projects have been affected.

With little irrigated land and virtually no oil and gas installations, Kiowa County has the lowest assessed valuation of Coloradoโ€™s 64 counties.

In Eads, at the Kiowa County courthouse, County Administrator Tina Adamson has been looking forward to when the two Towner wind projects go on the property tax rolls. The county has  an assessed valuation of $39.4 million, lowest among all of Coloradoโ€™s 64 counties. Several mountain counties in Colorado also have relatively small assessed valuations. Mineral County (Creede) has $55.7 million, Hinsdale (Lake City) $58.1 million, and Jackson (Walden) $101.9 million.

Kiowa County, which is much larger in area, gets far less federal assistance called Payment in Lieu of Taxes, or PILT, compared to the mountain counties. The property tax is correspondingly far, far higher: a mill levy of 46.5 compared to 15 to 22 mills for the small mountain counties.

In short, Kiowa County needs tax base. The two big wind farms will help. Because of the federal freeze, according to Weiserโ€™s court filing, only one is moving forward.

The county has a population of 1,446 as of 2020, almost exactly half of its population in 1950. It is bisected by Highway 287, which produces a steady stream of trucks at all hours of day and night. In Eads, the Loveโ€™s station produces a healthy โ€” for a very small town โ€” stream of revenue in sales taxes. Less frequently, travelers stop for a meal while visiting Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, 23 miles east of Eads.

Neighboring counties along the Kansas border benefit from the higher property taxes levied against oil and gas operations and lands with irrigated agriculture. Kiowa County has little or none of either. Most land is used for livestock grazing or growing wheat, milo or other crops that need little moisture.

โ€œWe have such a small population and a pretty large area, all ag,โ€ Adamson said. โ€œWe have very, very little oil and gas.โ€

With such a small treasury, keeping employees is hard. Neighboring jurisdictions pay higher salaries. As for upgrades of any sort, theyโ€™re out of the question unless Adamson can secure a grant โ€” and sometimes two or more โ€” to help pay for the project.

Republic Plaza south corner from Court Pl, Denver, CO. By Xnatedawgx – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47806104

Work on Towner East is already underway, the Kiowa County Independent reported in February. Adamson said pouring of concrete for footers began in July and installation of towers has now begun. That project is to have 115 turbines east of Eads. The original permit identified Vestas towers that are just above 600 feet. That compares with the 714 feet of the Republic Plaza, Denverโ€™s tallest building.

Invenergy, the project developer. on its Towner Energy Center website projects that Towner East will yield more than $120 million in state and local tax revenues over the life of the project. After construction is completed, it is expected to yield roughly 15 full-time jobs. The project is now owned by Xcel Energy.

At the Kiowa County courthouse, Adamson said she expects far less annual revenue than the $1.25 to $1.5 million annual boost predicted by the developers. Based on evidence from other counties in eastern Colorado, she expects no more than $500,000 in new annual revenue. Even so, that amounts to a substantial boost for the county budget.

Towner West, the second project, is to have 148 towers. Weiserโ€™s court filing says it has been frozen by the federal inaction. Invenergy, the developer, did not confirm that, saying only that โ€œplanning on Towner West continuesโ€ and that the company is โ€œoptimistic about its future.โ€ Kiowa County expects that wind farm, if it is completed, to yield another $500,000 in property tax revenues.

Both wind projects are located along Xcel Energyโ€™s 345-kV Colorado Power Pathway, a 550-mile transmission line intended to deliver renewable electricity to metropolitan Denver.

Xcel Energyโ€™s 550-mile Colorado Power Pathway loops around eastern Colorado. The two Towner wind projects are north of the May Valley substation.

An irony of the federal freeze is that Kiowa County has been a strong supporter of Trump. In the 2024 election, for example, he got 744 votes compared to 101 for his Democratic opponent, Kamala Harris. The margins were similar in the 2020 and 2016 elections.

The New York Times, in a story published in May, pointed out Trumpโ€™s dislike of wind turbines. He has called them ugly and expensive. โ€œMy goal,โ€ he said in January, โ€œis to not let any windmill be built.โ€

On his first day in office, Trump issued an executive order halting all leasing of federal lands or waters for wind turbines.

Congress in 2011 had adopted a law that said before large wind farms begin construction, developers must apply for clearances from the Federal Aviation Administration, which regulates the national airspace. The FAA in turn refers the application to the Pentagon, which checks to see whether a project might interfere with military radar or nearby air bases.

The Times said that many wind projects in the past quickly received โ€œno hazardโ€ determinations, allowing them to move forward. Some projects do create issues, and they typically need to reach a mitigation agreement with the Pentagon. That might involve the company paying to upgrade nearby radar systems or modifying the layout of its turbines.

This process was for years considered routine and predictable, with deadlines set by Congress. said the Times.

Colorado Gov. Jared Polis, in a June 8 letter to Dale Marks, the assistant secretary of defense for energy, installations and environment, said the clearinghouse method ordered by Congress in 2011 had worked out well. โ€œUnfortunately, in Colorado and other states across the country, (Defense) is not advancing mitigation discussions, issuing draft agreements following completed negotiations or executing agreements already negotiated and signed by developers,โ€ the letter said.

Taken together, he said, the defense departmentโ€™s actions represent a โ€œde facto nationwide moratorium on all land-based wind energy development โ€” blocking projects critical to maintaining electric reliability, meeting rising energy demand, and lowering energy prices for consumers.โ€

Asked for comment, the Colorado Energy Office offered this: โ€œThe DOD freeze on wind projects hurts building clean energy generation that will drive up energy costs, increase customer energy bills, and impact reliability. Delaying wind projects risks missing out on federal clean energy tax credits and will directly increase costs to homeowners for electricity.โ€

In June, a coalition of renewable energy groups filed a lawsuit asking a federal court to order the Pentagon to quit doddering. Colorado, and the other states in July have asked to be part of that lawsuit.

In his filing, Weiser said that national security and production of electricity from wind can be successfully balanced. He called the freeze โ€œsimply another attempt to unlawfully interfere with the deployment of renewable energy.โ€

Some wind projects that have already completed mitigation negotiations awaited only final federal approval.

Weiserโ€™s filing also asserts the federal inaction harms Coloradoโ€™s pursuit of energy goals. The state has a statutory requirement of reducing greenhouse gas emissions caused by producing electricity by 80% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.

In the first three months of 2026, this year, wind was responsible for 35% of Coloradoโ€™s electricity. In 2025, according to the Energy Information Administration, it had been responsible for 30%.

Kiowa County may add property taxes from other renewable projects in coming years. Three solar projects have been proposed, one for 500 megawatts, a second for 580 megawatts, and the third for 1,025 megawatts.

Wind turbines, Weld County, 2015. Photo credit: Allen Best/The Mountain Town News

As monsoon starts, Western Slope wildfire officials say rain will have a โ€˜pretty superficialโ€™ impact on fire danger: #Colorado is in the midst of a historic #drought — Steamboat Pilot & Today

A plane drops fire retardant on the Hartman Hill Fire, which has since been contained, that was sparked by lightning near the border of Summit and Grand counties. As the monsoon season kicks into gear, wildfire officials say they are hopeful that it will bring moisture — but wary that it can also bring lightning. Grand County Sheriffโ€™s Office/Courtesy photo

Click the link to read the article on the Steamboat Pilot & Today website (Ryan Spencer). Here’s an excerpt:

July 24, 2026

Colorado is in the middle ofย a historic droughtย after aย record-low snowpackย last winter. Much of Summit, Eagle, Pitkin, Grand, Garfield, Rio Blanco and Routt counties have been under exceptional drought โ€” the highest level โ€” for more than three months, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor. Even as theย North American monsoon kicks into gear, bringing moisture and increased chances for precipitation over the coming days and weeks, public safety officials say the severity of the drought means the fire danger could linger for weeks, even if rain continues. But, if the rain stops, officials warn conditions could quickly dry out again.

โ€œThe rain is awesome, but donโ€™t get complacent,โ€ said Brad White, the fire chief of Grand Fire Protection District No. 1. โ€œItโ€™ll minimize the number of starts, but weโ€™re still going to have starts. Once something starts up, then those dry fuels are just going to make it difficult to deal with, even with the moisture.โ€

Colorado Drought Monitor map July 21, 2026.

Blue Mesa reservoir water levels falling fast this summer: Bureau of Reclamation reducing downstream releases — The #CrestedButte News #GunnisonRiver

Aspinall Unit dams

Click the link to read the article on the Crested Butte News website (Katherine Nettles). Here’s an excerpt:

July 22, 2026

Given the severe drought throughout the past water year, Blue Mesa Reservoir and the dams below it that serve downstream users are all at precariously low levels this summer. This is impacting recreation, power generation and aquatic life. As reservoir levels fall dangerously close to โ€œpower poolโ€ level at which point hydroelectric power becomes impossible, the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) last week made some adjustments to try and prevent that. The hope is that the new flows will hold up Blue Mesa power production, and protect various other uses and aquatic biology through the end of the year…According to Andrew Limbach with BORโ€™s Western area office, the release schedule from the Crystal Dam below Blue Mesa changed over a period of three days from 1,465 cubic feet per second (cfs) on July 15 to 1,265 cfs by July 17. Gunnison River flows in the Black Canyon/Gunnison Gorge were scheduled to decrease from 360 cfs to 250 cfs over the course of those same three days. โ€œIn response to the extreme drought conditions, the BOR has collaborated with US Fish and Wildlife and the National Park Service to reduce the target flows to 500 cfs at Whitewater and 200 cfs through the Black Canyon of the Gunnison until further notice…

Jennifer Erickson, public affairs officer with the Department of the Interior, shared the latest information available regarding Blue Mesa elevation. โ€œAs of our last projections, Blue Mesa Reservoir is expected to fall to elevation 7,412 ft by the end of September. That number is from last monthโ€™s 24-Month study projections.โ€ When full, the elevation is at 7,519 feet…

โ€œTo maintain safe and operational marina facilities, the NPS has moved the Elk Creek marina infrastructure to deeper water. Approximately half of the Lake Fork Marina has also been moved to deep water. Trailered watercraft can no longer use the Lake Fork boat ramp and will not be able to use the Elk Creek boat ramp when reservoir elevations reach 7435โ€™. Hand-launching of non-trailered watercraft will remain available at both ramps.โ€

The NPS also advised that on Sunday, July 26remaining Lake Fork marina operations will no longer be operational at 4 p.m., and on Monday, July 27 all boats must be out of Lake Fork Marina slips by noon.

On Friday, July 31, the NPS projected that the Elk Creek boat ramp will no longer be safe for launching or retrieving trailered watercraft. โ€œAll trailered watercraft on Blue Mesa reservoir should be retrieved before this elevation is reached. The ramp will remain open for hand-launching,โ€ according to the release.

So while Blue Mesa shouldnโ€™t go to โ€œdeadpoolโ€ mud or canyon levels, it will be as low as itโ€™s been in decades.

How Carbondale is preparing for a hotter, drier future — #Aspen Public Radio

Map of the Roaring Fork River drainage basin in western Colorado, USA. Made using USGS data. By Shannon1 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69290878

Click the link to read the article on the Aspen Public Radio website (Sarah Tory). Here’s an excerpt:

July 22, 2026

A few miles north of Mt. Sopris, down another dirt road that leads to the Roaring Fork River, Wenning stopped his car at a small brick building near the riverbank: The Roaring Fork Well House. Nearby are three wells that draw from the Roaring Fork River, providing another source of municipal water. After the call on the Crystal in 2018, Carbondale water managers decided to reduce the townโ€™s reliance on Nettle Creek by leaning more heavily on the Roaring Fork River, where the town also has water rights. Carbondale currently has installed three wells โ€” each of which produces roughly the same amount of water as the Nettle Creek plant (around 300 gallons per minute).ย But, the town has permits for seven more wells. Shifting Carbondaleโ€™s focus to the Roaring Fork River makes sense, said Wenning. Since the Roaring Fork is a bigger river, itโ€™s less affected by a low-snow year. The wells are also 40 feet deep, allowing them to access groundwater…

The Roaring Fork Treatment Plant lies at the edge of the Carbondale Nature Park. Inside the barn-like building, a loud whirring sound echoes through the cavernous interior. The town recently installed new cartridge filter technology at the plant, expanding its capacity to treat water from 0.5 million gallons to 1.4 million gallons per day. According to Wenning, the town plans to expand the plantโ€™s capacity further to treat up to 2.3 million gallons per day from the Roaring Fork River alone โ€” more than enough to meet Carbondaleโ€™s peak summer demand, even when some of the water treatment equipment needs repair or servicing…

Beyond the shift to a more resilient water source, water experts see more opportunity to boost capacity through conservation. Maggie McHugh, an engineer with Roaring Fork Engineering, helps communities in the Roaring Fork Valley adapt to climate change.

โ€œWe can’t put any more water into the system, but we can take less out,โ€ she said. โ€œThat will be the ultimate goal, especially in years like this.โ€

Carbondale is a town of 6,500 people. Thatโ€™s Mt. Sopris, Coloradoโ€™s loveliest mountain, in the background. Photo source/Wikipedia – See more at: http://mountaintownnews.net/2016/01/15/carbondale-carbon-tax/#sthash.tUbLVIZh.dpuf

#Drought Task Force makes formal recommendations to Governor Jared Polis to reduce water use — #Colorado Public Radio

A constantly dripping faucet wonโ€™t only drive you crazy but it will freak Mother Nature out, too. Even a small faucet leak can waste up to three gallons of water each day. Photo credit: Delta Faucet

Click the link to read the article on the Colorado Public Radio website (Tegan Wendland). Here’s an excerpt:

July 24, 2026

Despite recent rains, most of Coloradoย remains in deep droughtย and a governorโ€™s task force has now put forward four recommendations to help deal with the problem. State climatologist Russ Schumacher said theย monsoon rainsย were welcome, and certainly bringing some relief โ€” increasing stream flows on the Western Slope and helping control widespread wildfires โ€” but itโ€™s unclear that the rain will continue in the fall or reduce the risk of another snow drought next winter…

The four recommendations

The first was to reduce onsite water consumption at all state facilities. This would require the state to develop water efficiency and drought plans, including water use audits, leak detection, landscape evaluations and other efficiency measures. Itโ€™s an expansion of Coloradoโ€™s โ€œGreening Governmentโ€ framework, which requires state facilities to proactively address water use.

The second is to direct state facilities to shift outdoor water management practices and reduce lawn watering and irrigation use. Kat Weismiller, section chief at the Colorado Conservation Water Board, said the goal was to โ€œadvance efficiency and conservation efforts on state facilities through long-term planning that can reduce onsite water consumption and build drought resilience.โ€ It directs the state to evaluate outdoor water use at state facilities and make recommendations to reduce that water use or change landscaping.ย 

The third recommendation directs the state to reduce washing state-owned vehicles. The goal is to reduce water waste by reducing the frequency of washing vehicles, while maintaining essential safety and health standards.

The fourth recommendation is to extend state tax deadlines for small businesses impacted by the drought. This temporary administrative waiver, which is similar to the wildfire tax relief already being offered in 2026, would apply to all eligible taxpayers, including agricultural producers and recreational businesses, which could apply for extensions.ย 

With fields already fallow, Uncompahgre Valley growers adapt to a drier future: New mapping tool prepares district for state conservation program — Heather Sackett (AspenJournalism.org) #UncompahgreRiver

Farmer Randy Friend grows corn in the Olathe area. He left the debris from last yearโ€™s crop on the ground as a form of mulch to try to retain moisture in this exceptionally dry year. CREDIT: HEATHER SACKETT/ASPEN JOURNALISM

Click the link to read the article on the Aspen Journalism website (Heather Sackett):

July 23, 2026

Fourth-generation Olathe farmer Randy Friend stopped his pickup truck next to a row of corn whose green leaves were limp and curling, with a gray tinge. Friendโ€™s corn was stressed as the valley endured a July heat wave with temperatures nudging close to 100 degrees.

โ€œI hate to see it looking like that with our water situation,โ€ Friend said. 

Next was a field of onions, a thirsty crop with a long growing season. The furrows between the dark-green sprouts were still damp, an indication the field was just irrigated that morning.

โ€œOnions are our most expensive crop to grow and the most reward on a good year,โ€ Friend said. โ€œBut they can also bankrupt you because they take so much more water.โ€

Friend farms corn, onions and forage crops for livestock as part of the Uncompahgre Valley Water Users Association, a vast expanse of farmland that extends from just south of Montrose to Delta, on Coloradoโ€™s Western Slope. Water from the Gunnison and Uncompahgre rivers, along with miles of tunnels, canals and ditches, transforms about 76,000 acres of high desert into lush green fields of corn, pinto beans, onions and alfalfa. 

But this year, Uncompahgre Valley farmers are making tough decisions and developing new tools as they try to adapt to one of the hottest, driest years on record in the Upper Colorado River basin. Many are leaving fields dry, culling their cattle herds, switching to crops that use less water and relying on crop insurance payouts as the association faces a 50% cut to its irrigation water supply. 

โ€œIโ€™ve been farming 30 years now, and this is by far the most extreme, biggest cut of water that Iโ€™ve ever had to deal with,โ€ Friend said.

Some producers in the Uncompahgre Valley Water Users association have left some fields unplanted due to drought. The association has only about half its normal water supply this year. CREDIT: HEATHER SACKETT/ASPEN JOURNALISM

The Uncompahgre water users get about half of their water supply from Taylor Park Reservoir, at the headwaters of the Gunnison River, via the Gunnison Tunnel, a six-mile-long aqueduct that can bring up to about 1,175 cubic feet per second to the valley. The other half comes from the Uncompahgre River, a much smaller river basin that saw an abysmal end-of-season snowpack with just 14% of median April 1. That means the association has only about half its normal water supply for irrigation season.

โ€œWeโ€™re limping along right now, but itโ€™s going to be a challenging year,โ€ said association manager Steve Pope. โ€œWe got to get our producers through Labor Day; weโ€™re going to need the water then. Itโ€™s just a physical supply issue; the water just wasnโ€™t there.โ€

With its water cut by half, many producers in the Uncompahgre Valley have chosen to irrigate only some of their fields, leaving others unplanted for the season. The districtโ€™s northwest area, which is where much of the valleyโ€™s row crops are grown, has been the hardest hit. Pope estimates those farmers are fallowing between 30% and 60% of their ground. Driving around the district revealed many fields that were brown and dry.

โ€œThereโ€™s just a tremendous amount of land out there thatโ€™s just barren, and thereโ€™s nothing you can do about it,โ€ he said.

This field in the Uncompahgre Valley Water Users Association district has been fallowed this season due to a lack of water. The state of Colorado announced Wednesday that it will set up a conservation program using federal dollars, which means more fields on the Western Slope could soon look like this. CREDIT: HEATHER SACKETT/ASPEN JOURNALISM

Friend, an association board member, said he is fallowing about one-fourth of the land he farms and using about 30% to 40% of his acres to grow forage crops that use less water, such as sorghum-Sudangrass. But switching to drought-resistant plants is a strategy that doesnโ€™t work for every grower. Friend also owns a feedlot so he can mix these drought-tolerant crops with higher-quality feed to make it work. Although some growers on the Western Slope are experimenting with alternative forage crops, such crops have yet to be grown on a large scale. Water-intensive alfalfa, with its high protein content, remains dominant. 

Daris Jutten, a fifth-generation rancher in Ouray and Montrose counties, said the lack of water has prompted him to cut his herd back to the fewest cows he has ever had on his ranch. He has also left some of his alfalfa fields fallow.

West Drought Monitor map July 30, 2002.
West Drought Monitor map July 31, 2012.
West Drought Monitor July 31. 2018
West Drought Monitor map July 21, 2026.

โ€œIโ€™ve seen it bad before, but Iโ€™ve never seen it this bad,โ€ Jutten said. โ€œ2002 was bad. 2018, 2012 were all bad. But they donโ€™t even come close to what this thing is.โ€

The Uncompahgre River in Olathe was nearly dried up in July due to agricultural diversions and drought. The Uncompahgre Valley Water Users Association is the biggest agricultural water user in the Upper Colorado River Basin. CREDIT: HEATHER SACKETT/ASPEN JOURNALISM

Coloradoโ€™s new conservation program adds pressure to cut water use

This yearโ€™s lack of water and a management crisis have brought the Colorado River system to the brink of collapse. 

As the nationโ€™s two largest reservoirs, Lake Powell and Lake Mead, plummet to new lows, water managers are taking emergency steps to keep Lake Powell levels high enough to produce hydropower at Glen Canyon Dam. At the same time, federal officials are crafting a plan for how the seven states that share the Colorado River will share shortages and how the reservoirs will be operated for the next two years.

Coloradoโ€™s new conservation program adds pressure to cut water use

This yearโ€™s lack of water and a management crisis have brought the Colorado River system to the brink of collapse. 

As the nationโ€™s two largest reservoirs, Lake Powell and Lake Mead, plummet to new lows, water managers are taking emergency steps to keep Lake Powell levels high enough to produce hydropower at Glen Canyon Dam. At the same time, federal officials are crafting a plan for how the seven states that share the Colorado River will share shortages and how the reservoirs will be operated for the next two years.

Upper Basin water managers have focused on the fact that their farmers and ranchers are affected first by a warming climate and are already experiencing shortages because the water simply isnโ€™t there. The Upper Basin states (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming) suffer because there arenโ€™t major reservoirs from which they can draw in dry years the way that the Lower Basin states (Arizona, California and Nevada) do. Both basins are increasingly expected to reduce consumption because supplies are shrinking and the Colorado River system as a whole must be managed within these new limits.

Onions are one of the water-intensive row crops grown in the Uncompahgre Valley. Farmers in the region are adapting to drought by fallowing fields and planting crops that use less water. CREDIT: HEATHER SACKETT/ASPEN JOURNALISM

On July 15, state officials announced the creation of a โ€œnear-term contribution programโ€ that will pay water users to voluntarily cut back in 2027 and 2028, using $100 million in promised funding from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The Upper Basin states have a goal of saving 100,000 acre-feet by the end of September 2028, which marks the end of water year 2028. The saved water will need to have a home in Upper Basin storage buckets โ€” Lake Powell, Navajo, Blue Mesa or Flaming Gorge reservoirs โ€” but precisely how it will be used and how it will fit into broader Colorado River management are still unknown. 

The program has been a long time coming, and the concept is not new to Colorado. Officials said they are incorporating the lessons learned from previous demand-management studies beginning in 2019, stakeholder input and recent pilot programs. 

As the biggest agricultural user in the Upper Basin, the Uncompahgre Valley โ€” drought-stricken as it is โ€” is ideally located for these types of programs and is considered one of the lowest-hanging fruits when it comes to finding places to save water.

When Coloradoโ€™s contribution program is implemented next year, the association will be ready. Knowing that a program was inevitable, Western Slope water managers have been proactive, developing a data-mapping tool that can help the association adapt to drought.

UVWUA Manager Steve Pope stands at the spot where water from the South Canal dumps water from the Gunnison River into the Uncompahgre River. Itโ€™s then diverted to the west side of the valley where it irrigates fields and row crops. CREDIT: HEATHER SACKETT/ASPEN JOURNALISM

Mapping tool helps plan conservation 

With 550 miles of interconnected canals and laterals snaking through the valley, downstream irrigators often depend on reusing the water that runs off an upstream neighborโ€™s fields, and leaving a field dry could have unintended downstream consequences. 

Developed by the Colorado River Water Conservation District and The Freshwater Trust, the tool can pinpoint where the greatest opportunities for water savings are, as well as how to avoid the worst consequences of fallowing ground. It can show what happens when efficiency improvements are made to the associationโ€™s century-old infrastructure and can show which ditches should be lined to provide the most bang for the buck to reduce seepage loss. 

โ€œFrom our perspective, itโ€™s a great management tool because it allows us to track water through our system,โ€ Pope said. โ€œLetโ€™s say thereโ€™s [a conservation]  program, well, what would be the best farms to go to a deficit irrigation or fallow that would create the most (water savings), and you can target that.โ€ 

The tool is aimed at helping producers adapt to drought and can show which projects would result in the most water savings. Although the River District does not endorse a large-scale conservation program, it has long recognized that one was inevitable and has sought to mitigate the worst impacts to rural agricultural communities.

The intent of the tool is to help create a program that can maximize economic and environmental benefits as well as water conservation, said Raquel Flinker, director of interstate and regional water resources with the River District. 

โ€œIt was always to provide data and analytics that would make whatever entity [is] creating a program design it in a way that seemed the most sensible,โ€ Flinker said.

Some Uncompahgre Valley producers have participated in experimental programs that pay them to cut their water use, including the federally funded System Conservation Pilot Program, which took place in 2023 and 2024. Friend and a few others in the association enrolled in 2024 and were paid to reduce their water use. The associationโ€™s board has allowed their members to participate in conservation programs, but they remain somewhat controversial. An irrigation district in the Western Slopeโ€™s other big agricultural area, the Grand Valley, does not allow its members to participate.

Pope said instead of programs that pay farmers not to irrigate, he would rather see federal money pay for more efficiency upgrades to water-delivery systems such as lining ditches and improving headgates. The recently announced state program is meant to include a broad range of water-saving actions, but pilot conservation programs in the Upper Basin have always defaulted to paying irrigators to temporarily stop using water.

โ€œThe problem I see with it is if somebody enrolls and they sign off the year before, and then we donโ€™t get any water and they are 50% fallowed anyway, did the program really generate any water?โ€ Pope said. โ€œItโ€™s very difficult to measure the benefits of these types of programs when you have such an unreliable supply to begin with.โ€

Pope brings up an inherent contradiction about Upper Basin conservation: How can agricultural water users cut back when they already donโ€™t have enough in drought years like this?

Despite the 100,000-acre-foot goal for the Upper Basin, Colorado leaders have long said they canโ€™t commit to saving a specific amount of water. They said that figure can be reached only if sufficient federal funding is available and hydrologic conditions allow. And for now, the program remains short-term, while the effects of a warmer and drier climate appear likely to continue for the long-term.

โ€œIf this is the new normal, itโ€™s going to get way more difficult,โ€ Friend said. โ€œIf we have another winter like this last one, a lot of people are pretty worried about it.โ€

Map of the Gunnison River drainage basin in Colorado, USA. Made using public domain USGS data. By Shannon1 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69257550

President Trump looks to gut a key historic preservation law: A weakened Section 106 makes national monuments and the Chaco mineral withdrawal more important than ever — Jonathan P. Thompson (LandDesk.org)

Click the link to read the article on The Land Desk website (Jonathan P. Thompson):

July 21, 2026

REMINDER:ย Thereโ€™s just [2 days] left to comment on the Trump administrationโ€™s proposal to rescind ban on new oil and gas leases and mining claims within a 10-mile radius of Chaco Culture National Historical Park.ย The BLM is accepting public comment until July 29 on three alternatives: 1. keeping the ban in place; 2. shrinking the 10-mile buffer zone to just five miles; 3. eliminating the ban altogether. To comment,ย click on this linkย and then click on the โ€œParticipate Nowโ€ button at the top of the page.

๐Ÿ“ย Regulatory Capture Chroniclesย ๐ŸฆŠ

Wall at the Twin Angel site, a Chacoan outlier that lies along the Great North Road. Note the oil and gas facility in the background. Jonathan P. Thompson photo.

President Donald Trumpโ€™s proclamations virtually eliminating Grand Staircase-Escalante and Bears Ears national monuments this month listed several arguments purportedly justifying the shrinkage. One of those was that national monument protections arenโ€™t necessary, because the land and antiquities in question are already protected by various federal laws. The same argument is used to justify revoking the mining-claim and mineral-leasing ban around Chaco Culture National Historical Park.

There is some truth in this: There is a suite of federal laws, from the Federal Land Policy and Management Act to the Endangered Species Act, that are intended to protect environmental and cultural resources on all federal land, whether itโ€™s in a national monument or not. But those laws arenโ€™t always adequate, and now the administration is actually working to weaken Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, which would be key to protecting the cultural sites in the former national monuments and the Chaco โ€œbuffer zone.โ€

When a mining or drilling company proposes a project on a mining claim or mineral lease on public land, the National Historic Preservation Act requires the jurisdictional agency to determine whether the proposed development might affect historic properties. If so, it triggers Section 106 of the law, which requires the agency to consult with tribal nations or other potential stakeholders, to identify potentially affected properties, and to work to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects on those properties.

Section 106, commonly referred to as โ€œidentify and avoid,โ€ requires oil companies or other developers to conduct a cultural inventory of all land in the path of development. If the surveyors happen upon a โ€œsignificantโ€ site, the well pad, road, or pipeline must be relocated. This can prevent direct impacts to larger sites; youโ€™re not likely to see a Chacoan great house bulldozed for a well pad, for example. But archaeological surveys can miss more subtle cultural features such as stone shrines, Chacoan โ€œroadโ€ segments, or ancient cornfields. And the agencies arenโ€™t likely to let a cultural landscape get in the way of the drill rigs or their โ€œmultiple useโ€ mandate. Section 106 has not prevented gasfield roads from cutting across Chacoโ€™s Great North Road in several places, nor has it kept several oil and gas wells from being drilled within a half mile of Pierreโ€™s Site, a Chaco outlier within the 10-mile buffer zone.

Ruth Van Dyke, a professor of anthropology at Binghamton University cataloged the impacts of oil and gas development on the sound- and view-scapes at Pierreโ€™s. โ€œI found that, despite the due diligence agencies have exercised to protect the ground footprint of Pierreโ€™s, there have been significant impacts,โ€ she wrote. Twelve pumpjacks are visible from the Acropolis, and itโ€™s likely that . When I visited a few years back, the whir-pop-pop-whir of the machines was irritatingly audible, affirming Van Dykeโ€™s observation: โ€œRather than a sacred landscape and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Pierreโ€™s community had the feeling of an industrial park.โ€ (While many people have pointed out that thereโ€™s scant recoverable oil within the buffer zone, there is plenty of natural gas, which could be targeted if and when commodity prices increase).

Given the inadequacies of Section 106 now, it has stunned historic preservation advocates to learn that the Trump administrationโ€™s Advisory Council on Historic Preservation is proposing to weaken the law even further by giving the agencies more power, while taking input away from the public and other stakeholders, including tribal nations.

In a statment titled โ€œThe End of Section 106 as We Know It?โ€, the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers writes:

That last clause is especially important when it comes to the lands cut out of the two Utah national monuments and the Chaco โ€œbuffer zone,โ€ if it were to be rescinded as the administration proposes. We have seen that this for this administration, the quixotic quest for โ€œenergy dominanceโ€ outweighs nearly every other consideration, at least when it comes to public lands. That means that if the changes to Section 106 go through, we can no longer rely on that law to even partially protect the vast, numerous, and cultural sites and landscapes within Bears Ears, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, and the Greater Chacoan Landscape. It makes the mineral withdrawals more important than ever.

Several years back, when writing about the Greater Chacoan Landscape, I spoke with Theresa Pasqual, former director of Acoma Puebloโ€™s Historic Preservation Office, about Chaco, the landscape, and how federal laws werenโ€™t enough. Iโ€™ll leave you with a sagacious quote from her:

โ›ˆ๏ธ Wacky Weather Watchโšก๏ธ

Itโ€™s feeling downright apocalyptic lately. Weโ€™ve had crippling drought, hellish temperatures, locust plaguescataclysmic fires, pestilence, and all that was just prelude to an especially sporadic and violent monsoon, so far, which helped some firefighting efforts, but also unleashed flash flooding in Arizona, Utah, and Colorado.

The most severe flooding generally occurred on burn scars left by this seasonโ€™s wildfires, but the intensity of the downpours also wreaked havoc in unburned areas, including Telluride and, most tragically, outside Bicknell, Utah, where a family of five was killed by a flash flood.

Hereโ€™s a rundown of some of the most notable flooding:

  • In Telluride, a downpour kicked off flash floods and debris flows that shut down the Tomboy Road (it remained closed as of Monday morning), temporarily closed Hwy 145, andย inundated the Telluride Middle/High School,ย where three to four feet of mud and water blasted and oozed into the Palm Theatre.
  • The Cottonwood Fire burned through more than 97,000 acres in southwestern Utah before being mostly contained. Over the past several days, it has been the recipient of heavy rainfall, which have turned area streams, including the Beaver River, into raging, slate-gray-colored, debris-clogged torrents. The flooding closed down I-15 for a period of time, and forced theย evacuation of parts of Beaver City. I should make some crack here about semiaquatic rodents that build dams, but I will refrain.
  • A cloudburst let loose on a year-old burn scar near the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, spurring major debris flows that covered roads with rocky detritus and forced the evacuation of about 20 people from a campground.

  • I-70 in western Colorado was shut down when water and mud washed onto the highway between New Castle and, appropriately, Silt, on Monday evening.
  • Flash flooding in the Prescott Valley in central Arizona was big enough to turn at least one large shipping container into, well, aย ship floating down the road. The Prescott area remained under a flood watch on Tuesday and Tuesday night, while the Phoenix area was facing an extreme heat watch later this week.

Any amount of moisture is welcome on the drought-desiccated earth, but if the videos of raging rivers in what usually are nearly dry arroyos give you the idea that the water woes are alleviated, think again. So far these cloudbursts are just that: Short, intense, and isolated bursts of precipitation that get arroyos and debris flows running, but only cause quick spikes in nearby river streamflows. Yes, thatโ€™s better than nothing, but no, itโ€™s not going to halt Lake Powellโ€™s precipitous decline.

All of those Telluride-area storms, for example, only pushed the San Miguel River near Placerville to about 160 cubic feet per second for a few hours. Thatโ€™s about double what it had been running at, but just over half of the median flow for this time of year.

Weโ€™re also seeing a lot of precipitation inequality. While Telluride and the surrounding mountains were hammered, locales to the southwest of there remained relatively dry. The Dolores River gage at Slick Rock (downstream from the burn area) remained at a steady and unblinking zero cfs, although just a little ways downstream the gage at Bedrock registered 100 cfs, which is pretty good for the Lower Dolores in July.

Still, this does appear to be only the beginning of the monsoon. If the past is any indication, then the storms are likely to become more frequent and more widespread, and hopefully a little less intense, in the coming weeks.

Meanwhile, in the Northwest, lightning has sparked dozens of blazes that are growing together into massive complexes. The Hay Creek Complex in Gilliam, Wasco, and Sherman counties in Oregon is up to 92,000 acres and the Rowe Creek Complex to the south of there is at about 143,000 acres with 0% containment as of Monday night. Further east, the Powder River Fire in Baker County near the Idaho border was up to 20,500 acres.


Razorback sucker. Credit: The Land Desk

๐Ÿฆซย Wildlife Watchย ๐Ÿฆ…

The Trump administrationโ€™s U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service last week quietly downgraded Environmental Species Protections for the razorback sucker, a fish native only to the Colorado River Basin, from endangered to threatened.

โ€œThis remarkable fish is very abundant in the river channels of the Colorado Basin,โ€ wrote David Starr Jordan in his 1889 report on the fish of Colorado and Utah. โ€œIt reaches a weight of 8 to 10 pounds and is largely used for food.โ€ The razorback sucker, or Xyrauchen cypho, once thrived in the mid- and lower-elevation portions of the Colorado River and its tributaries. But human activities such as dumping mine waste into streams, irrigation diversions, dams, and stocking of non-native fish that prey on the suckerโ€™s eggs and young diminished the population of razorback sucker and other native fish.

So in 1991, the USFWS listed the fish as endangered under the ESA, bringing it extra protections and resources toward its recovery. A propagation and stocking effort helped bring the population back, and fish stocked in the Colorado and Green Rivers have been found to be reproducing, according to Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program. As a result, the USFWS determined that the species is โ€œnot currently in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range,โ€ and in 2021 proposed โ€œdownlistingโ€ it to โ€œthreatenedโ€ status. That action was finalized last week.

Advocates understandably question the timing of the move. One of the main threats to the sucker is low streamflows, and weโ€™re seeing some of the lowest streamflows on record throughout the Colorado River Basin right now, and climate change is likely to make them worse. The non-native fish that prey on the sucker tend to thrive in warmer water, also a result of climate change (Colorado wildlife officials have enacted voluntary fishing closures on several rivers in the state due to high water temperatures).

โ€œThe razorback suckerโ€™s outlook is no better today than when the fish was originally protected under the Endangered Species Act in 1991, so this move makes no sense,โ€ said Taylor McKinnon, Southwest director at the Center for Biological Diversity, in a written statement. โ€œItโ€™s still in danger of extinction throughout its range, which should preclude this downlisting.โ€


The Fish Question — Jonathan P. Thompson


๐Ÿ“– Reading (and watching) Room ๐Ÿง

If you happen to be anywhere near Mancos, Colorado, from mid-August to the end of September, I urge you to visit the Sundog Gallery to see the โ€œPortalโ€ exhibit, featuring oil paintings by the late Stanton Englehart. I consider Englehart to be thepainter of the Four Corners Country โ€” no one captures the light, and darkness, of the Great Sage Plain, the mesas, the canyons, and even the waters of Lake Powell quite like Englehart did.

The show opens Aug. 14 with a reception from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. at the Sundog Gallery on Grand Avenue in downtown Mancos and runs until Sept. 30.

Gross Dam construction milestone: On June 3, 2026,ย workers placed the final load of roller-compacted concreteย on the top of the dam, bringing Gross Dam to a height of 470 feet — Jay Adams (DenverWater.org) #BoulderCreek

Click the link to read the article on the Denver Water website (Jay Adams):

July 20, 2026

Denver Waterโ€™s Gross Reservoir Expansion Project reached a milestone in June as workers completed major construction on raising the dam.

On June 3, 2026, workers placed the final load of roller-compacted concrete on the top of the dam, bringing Gross Dam to a height of 470 feet. Roller-compacted concrete is the type of concrete put in place to raise, thicken and lengthen the dam over the past three years.

The project is designed to nearly triple the capacity of Gross Reservoir, increase Denver Waterโ€™s reservoir storage capacity by 11%, and provide balance, resiliency and flexibility to the utilityโ€™s water collection system.

Additional work to complete the dam will take place over the next year, including adding one more foot of conventional, protective concrete to the top of the dam, which will bring it to its final height of 471 feet above the valley floor below.

At this point, dam is taller and also has a new shape.

โ€œWe have fundamentally changed how this dam works. The old Gross Dam was a gravity dam that held back the water by its sheer weight. We’ve now transformed this into an arch dam which holds the water back by its weight and also transfers the loads laterally like a Roman arch. This is the first time that we know that this dam transformation has ever been done in the world.โ€

Gross Dam on June 2, 2026, on the final day of roller-compacted concrete placement work. Photo credit: Denver Water.

In the video above, you can see new images of the dam and hear from Jeff Martin, Denver Waterโ€™s program manager for the project.

โ€œWeโ€™re excited and proud of this accomplishment,โ€ Martin said.

โ€œHundreds of people helped us reach this milestone, which will provide a secure water future to Denver and the surrounding communities.โ€

Roller-compacted concrete will be placed on top of the existing dam to raise it to a new height of 471 feet. A total of 118 new steps will make up the new dam. Image credit: Denver Water.

USDA Invests $3 Million for Wetland Mitigation Banking Projects to Support Producers and Protect Wetland Ecosystems

Photo credit: USDA

Click the link to read the release on the USDA website:

July 24, 2026

USDA is investing $3 million to support the development of wetland mitigation banks for agricultural producers. through the Wetland Mitigation Banking Program (WMBP).

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is investing $3 million to support the development of wetland mitigation banks for agricultural producers. Through the USDAโ€™s Wetland Mitigation Banking Program (WMBP), wetlands are restored, created or enhanced, generating credits that can be purchased by producers looking to compensate for unavoidable impacts to wetlands at another location.  

โ€œWetland mitigation banks provide farmers and ranchers a clear and efficient compliance pathway, while at the same time helping to restore and protect vital wetlands and all the benefits they provide,โ€ said USDAโ€™s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Chief Colton L. Buckley. โ€œThrough the Wetland Mitigation Banking Program, we can help ensure the long-term resilience and productivity of American working landscapes.โ€  

WMBP awardees work with NRCS to develop a mitigation banking instrument that provides details for developing, establishing and operating a mitigation banking program.  Priority will be given to banks in states with significant numbers of individual wetlands, wetland acres and conservation compliance requests. Based on NRCS data, these states are Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota and Wisconsin. 

City and county governments, organizations, tribal governments and other entities are eligible to apply. See the notice of funding on Grants.gov for a full list of eligible entity types.  

Applications are due by September 8, 2026. Visit the Grants.gov opportunity for additional details and to apply. 

More About WMBP 

To participate in most USDA programs, agricultural producers agree to comply with the wetland conservation provisions, meaning producers will not plant agricultural commodities on converted wetlands or convert wetlands to enable agricultural production. In situations where avoidance or on-site mitigation is challenging, the Farm Bill allows for off-site mitigation through the purchase of mitigation banking credits. 

Purchasing credits from a wetland mitigation bank provides a legal mechanism for agricultural producers to maintain their eligibility for USDA program benefits if they convert agricultural wetlands. 

WMBP award recipients can use the funding to support the costs of developing and establishing a mitigation bank, like costs for site identification, development of a mitigation banking instrument, site restoration, land surveys, permitting and title searches, and market research. WMBP funding cannot be used to purchase land or a conservation easement. 

NRCS awarded the first WMBP grants in 2016. Since then, NRCS has awarded 39 projects supporting the creation or expansion of wetland mitigation banks in 14 states.  

Awardees can request up to $1 million for a project. Projects may last up to four years. 

When a mitigation bank is established, the landowner retains ownership and use of the property, while a conservation easement protects the wetlands from incompatible degrading activities. 

To learn more about the Wetland Mitigation Banking Program, and how wetland mitigation banks work, visit the WMBP webpage

For more than 90 years, NRCS has helped farmers, ranchers and forestland owners make investments in their operations and local communities to improve the quality of our air, water, soil, and wildlife habitat. ย NRCS uses the latest science and technology to help keep working lands working, boost agricultural economies, and increase the competitiveness of American agriculture. NRCS provides one-on-one, technical advice and financial assistance and works with producers to help them reach their goals through voluntary, incentive-based conservation programs. For more information, visitย nrcs.usda.gov.

Wetlands, like these in the Prairie-Pothole Region of North Dakota, may capture and store nutrient runoff from cropland fields. Photo Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Landmark Agreement: Three Lakes CLEAR Initiative — Northern Water #ColoradoRiver #COriver #aridification

Three-Lakes: Grand Lake, Shadow Mountain Reservoir, and Lake Granby. Photo credit: Northern Water

Click the link to read the release on the Northern Water website:

July 24, 2026

The Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District (Northern Water), the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Grand County, the Northwest Colorado Council of Governments (NWCCOG), the Colorado River Water Conservation District (Colorado River District) and the Town of Grand Lake today announced a landmark agreement establishing the Three Lakes CLEAR Initiative, a long-term effort to improve water clarity, watershed health and resilience across Grand Lake, Shadow Mountain Reservoir and Granby Reservoir (the Three Lakes).

The Three Lakes System is part of the federal Colorado-Big Thompson (C-BT) Project, which collects and stores water in Grand County and then diverts it for use by C-BT beneficiaries on the Front Range through a series of reservoirs, ditches and tunnels. The CLEAR Initiative continues the ongoing Grand Lake Adaptive Management framework for managing C-BT Project operations and incorporates additional collaborative initiatives to enhance clarity and provide watershed health benefits within and upstream of the Three Lakes System.  

CLEAR stands for Clarity, Legacy, Ecosystem, Adaptation and Resilience, reflecting the shared commitment by partners to protect and improve this important resource.

The agreement marks a major milestone following two decades of coordinated work to improve clarity in Grand Lake and water quality in Shadow Mountain Reservoir and reflects a renewed commitment to sustained action and investment. It also provides a long-term framework to continue and expand this work as the Grand Lake Clarity Stakeholdersโ€™ Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), established in 2016, expires in December 2026. Todayโ€™s action renews and expands upon that MOU, protecting the Three Lakes and tributary watersheds for the next 30 years.

As part of the agreement, Northern Water, the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District Municipal Subdistrict, and the Windy Gap Firming Project Water Activity Enterprise will provide $30 million over 30 years to address both C-BT Project operations and the broader environmental conditions influencing water quality by supporting implementation of projects and initiatives that address watershed and lake conditions. Of that amount, $20 million will be directed toward project funding to accelerate near-term, priority on-the-ground improvements initiatives, while $10 million will build a long-term reserve fund intended to provide sustained, legacy funding and the flexibility to address future needs as conditions evolve beyond the 30-year agreement.

Grand Lake and Mount Craig. CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=814879

The initiative continues and strengthens the collaborative adaptive management of C-BT Project operations in the Three Lakes that began with the original MOU, using real-time adjustments to improve clarity in Grand Lake while balancing water supply, power generation and environmental needs. At the same time, the initiative establishes a dedicated fund directed by the parties, to invest in watershed and system health projects that improve water quality and ecological conditions across the Three Lakes system and tributary watersheds.

Projects will focus broadly on watershed and forest health, reducing sediment and nutrient inputs, improving lake and reservoir conditions, and strengthening monitoring and adaptive management tools across the interconnected system.

“The foundation for this landmark agreement to improve Grand Lake clarity and create the Three Lakes CLEAR Fund was laid over decades of effort by many, representing all parties, to improve and use our knowledge of the Three Lakes System for actionable projects that can move the needle for better Grand Lake clarity. The parties have differing interests for sure, but we strive to find common ground because we have a spirit of mutual trust and respect,โ€ said Jeff Metzger, Town of Grand Lake.

Northern Water emphasized the enduring framework the agreement creates to support the long-term health and resilience of the Three Lakes System while benefiting communities on both sides of the Continental Divide.

โ€œThe Three Lakes CLEAR Initiative demonstrates how shared stewardship of Grand Lake clarity and the health of the broader Three Lakes System and its watersheds can strengthen the long-term resilience of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project for the benefit of Front Range water users while supporting the natural resources and thriving West Slope communities that depend on them. By creating a lasting legacy of collaboration and investment, this agreement helps ensure these shared resources will continue to be protected for generations to come,โ€ said Esther Vincent, Environmental Services Director for Northern Water.

Grand County Board of County Commissioners Chair Edward Raegner highlighted the importance of the agreement for Grand County and the local communities that have stewarded the Three Lakes watershed for generations.

“This 30-year MOU reflects an unprecedented commitment to Grand Lake’s health and the long-term future of the Three Lakes System. Grand County is proud to work alongside our partners to help preserve Grand Lake’s water clarity for generations to come.โ€

The Colorado River District emphasized the value of continuing the collaborative approach that has guided clarity improvements in the Three Lakes System for the past decade. 

โ€œThis MOU continues the collaborative approach that has guided clarity work in Grand Lake and water quality throughout the Three Lakes system since 2016. Over the past decade, we’ve gained valuable knowledge about how to effectively use adaptive management in the system, and this agreement will provide a strong foundation to continue that work for the long term. As a signatory to this MOU, the Colorado River District will continue to be a voice for the Western Slope and advocate for solutions that protect our water resources and the communities which depend on them,โ€ said Rebecca Briesmoore, Senior Water Resources Engineer with the Colorado River District.

Former NWCCOG Executive Director Jon Stavney also welcomed the long-term commitment.

โ€œSince the 1970s, our organization has been engaged in multiple efforts to protect and enhance the water quality of Grand Lake. This MOU represents a new beginning backed by a long-term commitment of substantial resources to the clarity of Grand Lake.โ€ 

Colorado-Big Thompson Project map. Courtesy of Northern Water.

โ€˜This mural is about healing water, about the celebration of waterโ€™: Fiesta de Santiago y Santa Ana provides the backdrop for dedication of new community artwork in San Luis — AlamosaCitizen.com

Judge ends trial with exhortation to โ€˜move forwardโ€™: As arguments over water plan wrap up, he acknowledges that all sides wonโ€™t be satisfied with decision, emphasizes โ€˜we need to change the things weโ€™ve been doingโ€™ — Chris Lopez (AlamosaCitizen.com) #SanLuisValley #RioGrande

Click the link to read the article on the Alamosa Citizen website (Chris Lopez):

July 24, 2026

The different sides each presented closing arguments, but it was the reflections of Division 3 Water Court Judge Michael Gonzales that had the courtroom thinking as he brought to a close the water trial dealing with the Subdistrict 1 Fourth Amended Plan of Water Management.

At times it was a bruising trial Gonzales noted Thursday in his closing remarks, as he encouraged all the parties to move on and to not let the four-week trial wear on them and their own personal relationships. 

โ€œWe all know that thereโ€™s no way this court can fashion an order or an opinion thatโ€™s going to satisfy everybody. Itโ€™s just not going to happen,โ€ the judge said. โ€œI mean, it canโ€™t because we know that we have mutually exclusive and competing interests. We know that this petition when it was created recognized that, but we still said โ€˜cooperationโ€™ and all those nice things. And in reality, I think we all knew at some point that was going to come to a head. And I think weโ€™re there, but that doesnโ€™t mean we still donโ€™t move forward.โ€

San Luis Valley Groundwater

This was the big water trial because it dealt with a plan to recover the unconfined aquifer of the Upper Rio Grande Basin, Gonzales noted. He pointed to testimony of Mosca-area farmer Lyle Nissen as one he enjoyed the most.

โ€œI just loved his testimony. Someone whoโ€™s made some recognition, someone whoโ€™s made some changes, someone who didnโ€™t come in here and complain and just said, โ€˜This is how it is. I recognize it and I move forward.โ€™ And that was great to hear,โ€ Gonzales said.

He also referenced a term he learned during the course of the trial, โ€œdeep percolation,โ€ and used it to provide further insight into his thinking.

โ€œI sat in my back yard and I watched the rain come down,โ€ he said of the weekโ€™s weather. โ€œI watched puddles form and I thought about my second favorite term from this trial, โ€˜deep percolationโ€™ and I said, โ€˜Aha.โ€™ And then I came back 10 minutes later and that puddle was completely gone. I said, โ€˜Wow.โ€™

โ€œI also sat there and I thought about the testimony I think was from this current state engineer when he said that we need rainstorms of biblical proportion to get us where we need to be, and that hit home. And no matter how wonderful that rain was, there needs to be things that happen.โ€

The state Division of Water Resources and the Rio Grande Water Conservation District are asking Gonzales to reject the protestorsโ€™ arguments and approve the plan. Without it, they argued, the unconfined aquifer wonโ€™t recover and broad groundwater well curtailment in the subdistrict becomes inevitable.

The cornerstone of the new plan is the โ€œone-for-oneโ€ feature, which limits groundwater pumping to the amount of natural surface water that flows into the subdistrict over a five-year running average. The intent is to put more water into the unconfined aquifer system than is taken out and one-for-one pumping guarantees that, according to the state and subdistrict. 

Gonzales noted โ€œthe monstrosity of an equationโ€ within the Fourth Amended Plan when he was quizzing Rio Grande Water Conservation District attorney Pete Ampe during his closing remarks. 

The one-for-one pumping feature, the equation to determine success, and a new โ€œdepletion feeโ€ that sets the value of water in the subdistrict at $500 per acre-foot were all argued over, discussed and debated throughout the month-long trial.

Attorney Mirko Kruse, representing his familyโ€™s farming interest, and attorney Andy Jones, representing L Cross Ranch, want Gonzales to refer the plan back to the subdistrict for adjustments theyโ€™re requesting but are otherwise good with the plan.

Two other protesting groups, Northeast Water Users Association and Sustainable Water Augmentation Group, want the plan tossed entirely on grounds it isnโ€™t legal; they asked Gonzales to order the subdistrict to only make changes to the existing third plan of water management.

Gonzales told all the attorneys to address Rule 8.7 of the state groundwater rules governing the Upper Rio Grande Basin. That rule determines how โ€œproportional responsibility for maintaining a sustainable water supply is divided among all the well users within the Response Area.โ€ 

It gets to one of the key arguments made by SWAG and its belief that groundwater irrigators like their clients are being illegally targeted and asked to share a disproportionate share of the burden in the unconfined aquifer recovery efforts.

Gonzales provided a timeline that leads to this Thanksgiving for when all the case documents and filings will be completed and he can begin his deliberations.

โ€œI guess if thereโ€™s one message that we all need to take to heart is that we need to change the things weโ€™ve been doing,โ€ Gonzales said in completing his comments. โ€œWe canโ€™t continue down the path weโ€™ve been because if we think thatโ€™s the only way we can go, weโ€™re dooming our children, our childrenโ€™s children. And I donโ€™t want to be a part of that time.โ€

The Rio Grande (Rio del Norte) as mapped in 1718 by Guillaume de L’Isle. By Guillaume Delisle – Library of Congress Public Domain Site: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3700.ct000666, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7864745

South Platte River Basin #climate for the week ending July 27, 2026 #SouthPlatteRiver

Below is the Precipitation Accumulation in South Platte graph from the NRCS for July 27, 2026. This morning precipitation is at 76% of the median (up 4% one week), and 65% of the water year median (up 5% one week). There are 65 days left in the water year.

Thunderstorrms are likely today through Wednesday, there is a chance for thunderstorms Thursday, a slight chance for thunderstorms Friday, with a chance for showers/thunderstorms Saturday and Sunday, in the central mountains. Light rain is currently falling and thunderstorms are likely today, there is a slight chance for showers then thunderstorms are likely Tuesday and Wednesday, with a chance for thunderstorms Thursday and Friday, and a slight chance for showers/thunderstorms Friday and Saturday in the northern mountains. There is a chance for thunderstorms today, thunderstorms are likely Tuesday and Wednesday, with a slight chance for thunderstorms Thursday and Friday, and a slight chance for showers/thunderstorms Sunday, down here, about 12 miles from Golden, where the Colorado Central Railroad was chartered February 9, 1865. From Wikipedia:

The railroad was chartered as theย Colorado and Clear Creek Railroad Companyย on February 9, 1865, by Loveland and other entrepreneursย in the town of Golden, then the capital of the Colorado Territory. Loveland and his partners desired to build aย 4ย ftย 8+1โ„2ย inย (1,435ย mm)ย standard gaugeย railroad upย Clear Creek Canyonย toย Central Cityย and other mining centers, and to connect to nearby Denver andย Boulder.ย During the three years before construction on the line began the company underwent several reorganizations. On January 20, 1866, the name of the railroad was changed to theย Colorado Central & Pacific Railroad. The following year, in June 1867, the company was reorganized;ย Union Pacificย investors were in control, but provided no funds for construction. That year, the seat of territorial government for Colorado was relocated from Golden to Denver…In May 1871 local interests regained control of the railroad from Union Pacific investors. By the following September, 150 men were at work in the mountains west of Golden to extend the line to the mining communities. In the spring of 1872 the company acquired critical right-of-way along Clear Creek to extend its line. West of Golden, the line built asย 3ย ftย (914ย mm)ย narrow gauge. In late August, the company took delivery of its first twoย locomotivesย (bothย 0-4-0T), theย General Sherman, No. 2, followed a week later byย General Sheridan, No. 1.ย On September 1, the track was completed 13.3 miles to Forks Creek. By mid-December, the line had been extended 7.7 miles further toย Black Hawk. By February 24, 1873, a second line from Forks Creek had been extended 3.3 miles to Floyd Hill. In September, the company’s shop in Golden produced the first passenger car in Colorado. On May 11, 1874, the company took delivery of an 18-tonย Mogul locomotiveย from Dawson & Baily. The new locomotive replaced the “Sheridan” as the #1 locomotive.

Narrow Gauge Colorado Central Railroad in Clear Creek Canyon. By Unknown photographer – Facebook, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71407092

Hereโ€™s a look at the 7-Day Colorado precipitation map through July 26, 2026 from the High Plains Regional Climate Center. Precipitation in the South Platte Basin along the Continental Divide of the Americas ranged from 0.10โ€ to 1.90โ€.

Hereโ€™s the 7-Day percent of normal precipitation map through July 26, 2026 from the High Plains Regional Climate Center. Precipitation in the South Platte River Basin along the Continental Divide of the Americas ranged from 50% to 400% of normal.

Below is the 7-day Quantitative Precipitation Forecast for the week of July 27, 2026. Precipitation is anticipated for the mountains of the South Platte River Basin and may total up to 1.50โ€ณ.

Below are the 8-14 day outlooks from the Climate Prediction Center, issued July 26, 2026, for temperature and precipitation, for the week starting July 27, 2026. The CPC expects above normal temperatures and near normal to below normal precipitation for the mountains of the South Platte River Basin.

Below is the Colorado Drought Monitor map from June 21, 2026. There were one class degradations in Douglas, Elbert, Arapahoe, Adams, Denver, Jefferson, Clear Creek, Gilpin, Boulder, Weld, Morgan, and Larimer counties, in the South Platte River Basin. Drought and abnormal dryness covers 97.14% of Colorado. The South Platte Basin is experiencing Abnormally Dry, Moderate, Severe, Extreme, and Exceptional drought conditions.

Below is the Colorado Drought Monitor one week change map ending July 21, 2026.

Hereโ€™s the US Drought Monitor Map from last week along with the one week U.S. change map.

Finally, last week PNAS.org released a Brief Report titled The 2026 western US snow drought was about four times more likely due to climate change. Here’s the abstract:

In the spring of 2026, anomalously low snow conditions in the western United States threatened winter recreation and water supplies. Here, we investigate: to what extent was this snow drought attributable to the climate change that has occurred since the pre-industrial period? We find that a snow drought this severe across the western United States was approximately 4.4 [95% CI: 2.6, 9.4] times more likely in the current climate than in the preindustrial period. In the Upper Colorado River Basin, the snow drought was approximately 14 times more likely [0.09, 4,300]. Given a projected increase in the frequency of snow droughts at least this severe in a moderately high emissions warming scenario, the lived experience of this event may help scientists, resource managers, and the public consider what western US snow might look like if greenhouse gas emissions are not aggressively reduced.

Westwide SNOTEL basin-filled map May 31, 2026.

Brief Report: The 2026 western US snow drought was about four times more likely due to climate change — Adrienne M. Marshall, Marianneย Cowherd, Stefanย Rahimi, andย  Yuhongย Ye (PNAS.org) #snowpack #runoff #ColoradoRiver #COriver #aridification

Westwide SNOTEL basin-filled map May 31, 2026.

Click the link to access the report on the PNAS website (Adrienne M.ย Marshall,ย Marianneย Cowherd,ย Stefanย Rahimi, andย Yuhongย Ye). Here’s the abstract:

In the spring of 2026, anomalously low snow conditions in the western United States threatened winter recreation and water supplies. Here, we investigate: to what extent was this snow drought attributable to the climate change that has occurred since the pre-industrial period? We find that a snow drought this severe across the western United States was approximately 4.4 [95% CI: 2.6, 9.4] times more likely in the current climate than in the preindustrial period. In the Upper Colorado River Basin, the snow drought was approximately 14 times more likely [0.09, 4,300]. Given a projected increase in the frequency of snow droughts at least this severe in a moderately high emissions warming scenario, the lived experience of this event may help scientists, resource managers, and the public consider what western US snow might look like if greenhouse gas emissions are not aggressively reduced.

In the winter and spring of 2026, a snow drought gripped the American West; โ€œrecord-lowโ€ conditions were widely reported. The snow drought was associated with anomalously high temperatures, with moderately dry to average precipitation. While it is still too early to know how the consequences of this snow drought will materialize, the US Bureau of Reclamation projected for the first time in spring 2026 that Lake Powell would fall below its minimum power pool threshold by the following winter in median climatological conditions. The snow drought is also likely to increase fire risk and reduce water availability for energy, agriculture, and municipalities.

As the snow drought progressed, scientists, the recreation industry, and the press asked whether the low snow anomaly was attributable to climate change. The frequency, severity, and temperature of snow droughts increase in climate models but formal climate attribution has only rarely been applied to snow drought [see Mote et al. for one exception]. Since then, the science and data available for climate attribution studies have advanced substantially. Here, we ask: to what extent is the 2026 western US snow drought attributable to climatic changes that have occurred since the preindustrial period?