Category: General Interest
Mrs. Gulch’s landscape June 15, 2025
Happy Father’s Day: Dance Hall Rock, #Utah (Hole in the Rock Road, near Coyote Gulch), May 2019
Note: Re-upping this oldie but goodie from 2019.
Zach Ruffert on trumpet.

R.I.P. Brian Wilson: “I feel so broke up, I want to go home”

Click the link to read the obituary on The New York Times website (Ben Sisario). Here’s an excerpt:
June 11, 2025
Brian Wilson, who as the leader and chief songwriter of the Beach Boys became rockโs poet laureate of surf-and-sun innocence, but also an embodiment of damaged genius through his struggles with mental illness and drugs, has died. He was 82…On mid-1960s hits likeย โSurfinโ U.S.A.,โย โCalifornia Girlsโย andย โFun, Fun, Fun,โย the Beach Boys created a musical counterpart to the myth of Southern California as paradise โ a soundtrack of cheerful harmonies and a boogie beat to accompany a lifestyle of youthful leisure. Cars, sex and rolling waves were the only cares. That vision, manifested in Mr. Wilsonโs crystalline vocal arrangements, helped make the Beach Boys the defining American band of the era. During its clean-cut heyday of 1962 to 1966, the group landed 13 singles in the Billboard Top 10. Three of them went to No. 1:ย โI Get Around,โย โHelp Me, Rhondaโย andย โGood Vibrations.โ…At the same time, the round-faced, soft-spoken Mr. Wilson โ who didnโt surf โ became one of popโs most gifted and idiosyncratic studio auteurs, crafting complex and innovative productions that awed his peers.
โThat ear,โ Bob Dylan once remarked. โI mean, Jesus, heโs got to will that to the Smithsonian.โ
Mr. Wilsonโs masterpiece was the 1966 albumย โPet Sounds,โย a wistful song cycle that he directed in elaborate recording sessions, blending the sound of a rock band with classical instrumentation and oddities like the Electro-Theremin, whose otherworldly whistle Mr. Wilson would use again on โGood Vibrations.โ โPet Soundsโ was a commercial disappointment upon its release, but the technical sophistication and melancholic depth of tracks likeย โGod Only Knowsโย andย โI Just Wasnโt Made for These Timesโeventually led critics and fellow musicians to honor it as an epochal achievement. In bothย 2003ย andย 2020, Rolling Stone ranked โPet Soundsโ No. 2 on its list of the greatest albums of all time. (No. 1 was the Beatlesโ โSgt. Pepperโs Lonely Hearts Club Bandโ in 2003, Marvin Gayeโs โWhatโs Going Onโ in 2020.)
Mrs. Gulch’s landscape June 8, 2025.
Challenge at #GlenCanyon Dam
Mrs. Gulch’s landscape June 3, 2025
Coyote Gulch’s Excellent European Adventure Day 8
We travelled from Amsterdam to Paris via the train. What a great way to travel. The train was fast, smooth, and much quieter than an airplane. I have taken the train in the U.S. and Europe is way ahead.
We enjoyed a delicious dinner at Bistrot de Chare Charenton, great ending to the day.
I believe all of Paris was watching the match between Paris St. Germain and Inter where PSG thumped the competition 5-0.
From The New York Times (Ed Mackey): “Paris Saint-Germain thrashed Inter Milan 5-0 in Munich to win the Champions League for the first time. Former Inter player Achraf Hakimi opened the scoring for PSG, but it was the 19-year-old French forward Desire Doue who stole the show. He doubled PSGโs lead with a deflected effort before scoring a wonderful second goal after the half-time break. Khvicha Kvaratskhelia added a fourth and the 19-year-old substitute Senny Mayulu smashed home another to complete the rout.
Tomorrow it’s back to Barcelona and the flight (ugh!) back to Denver where Mrs. Gulch’s landscape is waiting.
Photos via my son May 31,2025. He said that the flowers are loving the rain in Denver.
Coyote Gulch’s Excellent European Adventure Day 7

We visited the Rijks Museum yesterday to take in the works of Dutch Golden Age painting, particularly Vermeer and Rembrandt, painters that I’ve heard about. At the Salvador Dali Museum the other day Vermeer was named as an influence. What a treat to be able to view so many beautiful and inspiring works of art in one location.

We rented electric bicycles for the journey from out hotel to the museum. Of course I had read about bicycle-friendly Amsterdam but seeing the sheer number of folks on bicycles was fantastic. Moms with children on their bicycles and riding beside them, a seemingly endless stream of bicycles up and down the bikes lanes that lined nearly every thoroughfare, along with a good number of electric bicycles of all types.
We capped off the day at the Petit-Restaurant De Rozenboom for Stamppot, a traditional Dutch comfort food.
Coyote Gulch’s Excellent European Adventure Day 6
We’re in Amsterdam. Day 6 was a travel day from Linz to Amsterdam via Vienna in the Danube Valley. Low hills and farms dominated the view. We enjoyed a wonderful dinner at the restaurant Ali Ocakbaลฤฑ in Amsterdam.
Coyote Gulch’s Excellent European Adventure Day 5
Wednesday morning in Innsbruck we had the good fortune to go the the “Top of Innsbruck“. I’ve lived my entire life within sight of the Rocky Mountains and climbed many of them so today was a real treat. You take three separate cable cars to get to the last bit of a walk to the summit. Mountains show up in every direction from the top with the City of Innsbruck down below.
We then drove to Linz to meet up with Bob Berwyn (Inside Climate News) and his wife Uta. From Wikipedia: “Linzย (Pronunciation:ย /lints/ย LEE-NTS,ย Austrian German:ย [หlints];ย Czech:ย Linecย [หlษชnษtอกs]) is the capital ofย Upper Austriaย andย third-largest cityย inย Austria. Located on the riverย Danube, the city is in the far north of Austria, 30ย km (19ย mi) south of the border with theย Czech Republic. As of 1 January 2024, the city has a population of 212,538.ย It is the seventh-largest of allย cities on the river Danube…Johannes Keplerย spent several years of his life in the city teaching mathematics.ย On 15 May 1618 he discoveredย Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The local public universityย Johannes Kepler University Linzย is named for him…Adolf Hitlerย was born inย Braunau am Innย (an Austrian town near the German border) and moved to Linz during his childhood. The notoriousย Holocaustย bureaucratย Adolf Eichmannย also spent his youth in Linz. Until the end of his life, Hitler considered Linz to be his hometown. On the agenda this morning is quest for a Linzertorte and photos of the Danube River.
Coyote Gulch’s Excellent European Adventure Day 4
We’re in Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria tonight after a beautiful drive over the Jura Mountains from Saint Claude. We stopped for souvenirs and had a nice conversation with a couple who had just re-opened the store. Hellchild scored a bottle of wine that the owner said required an educated taste and that he didn’t like when he first tried it at 18. His wife said, “Then he married a country girl!” Later we ate lunch in Bern (Quiche Lorraine) and stretched our legs with a walk around the University of Bern Botanical Garden and a little “botanizing”.
Heading east towards Zurich we got our first glimpse of the northern Alps.
Coyote Gulch’s Excellent European Adventure Day 3

We’re in Saint-Claude, Bourgonne-Franche-comtรฉ, France after the drive from Avignon.
We drove around Avignon this morning checking out the walls of the Palais des Papesย (Palace of the Popes). From Wikipedia: “Theย walls of Avignonย (French:ย Les Remparts d’Avignon) are a series of defensive stone walls that surround the city ofย Avignonย in the south of France. They were built in the 14th century during theย Avignon papacyย and have been continually rebuilt and repaired throughout their subsequent history…From the 1350s during theย Hundred Years’ Warย the town became vulnerable to pillage by marauding bands of mercenaries and in 1357 underย Innocent VI, the fifth Avignon pope, work began on the construction of a new set of city walls to enclose the expanded town. The walls took nearly 20 years to complete. The walls stretch for 4.3ย km (2.7ย mi) and enclose an area of 150ย ha (370 acres). There were originally twelve gates controlling access to the city but this number was reduced to seven when the fortifications were modified between 1481 and 1487 during theย French Wars of Religion. There are now 15 vehicular entrances and 11 pedestrian entrances…The town had always been subject to flooding by the Rhรดne.ย In November 1840 the river reached a height of 8.32 metres (27.3ย ft), the highest that has ever been recorded.ย It caused severe flooding in the town with most streets under water. In some areas the water reached the first floor level of the houses. The flooding lasted for over three weeks and deposited large quantities of mud in the streets. Following this event the town decided to make better use of the town walls as a flood barrier and to installย sluice gatesย on all the canals and drains.ย Each of the city gates was modified to facilitate the construction of a temporaryย cofferdamย to prevent the river water entering the town. A pair of vertical slots were cut into the limestone blocks on either side of the opening. The slots were separated by a distance of between 0.5ย m to 1ย m and were designed to accommodate wooden planks which could be placed across the gate entrance. The gap between the sets of planks was filled with a mixture of earth and straw to create a dam.

From Wikipedia: “Theย Palais des Papesย (English: Palace of the Popes;ย lo Palais dei Papasย inย Occitan) inย Avignon,ย Southern France, is one of the largest and most importantย medievalย Gothicย buildings in Europe. Once a fortress and palace, the papal residence was aย seatย ofย Western Christianityย during the 14th century. Six papal conclaves were held in the Palais, leading to the elections ofย Benedict XIIย in 1334,ย Clement VIย in 1342,ย Innocent VIย in 1352,ย Urban Vย in 1362,ย Gregory XIย in 1370 andย Benedict XIIIย in 1394. The older area of Avignon is inside the walls and our hotel was located there.
The drive to Saint-Claude is up the Rhone Valley most of the way. Farms are everywhere, mountains in the distance most of the time. We stopped for lunch Vienne. From Wikipedia: “Vienneย (French:ย [vjษn];ย Arpitan:ย Viรจna) is a town in southeasternย France, located 35 kilometres (22ย mi) south ofย Lyon, at the confluence of theย Gรจreย and theย Rhรดne. It is the fourth-largest commune in theย Isรจreย department, of which it is aย subprefectureย alongsideย La Tour-du-Pin. Vienne was a major centre of theย Roman Empireย under the Latin nameย Vienna. Vienne was the capital of theย Allobroges, aย Gallic people, before its conquest by the Romans. Transformed into aย Romanย colony in 47 BC underย Julius Caesar, it became a major urban centre, ideally located along theย Rhรดne, then a major axis of communication. Emperorย Augustusย banishedย Herod the Great‘s son, theย ethnarchย Herod Archelausย to Vienne in 6 AD.
From Wikipedia: “Saint-Claudeย (French pronunciation:ย [sษฬย klod]) is aย commune and aย sous-prรฉfectureย of theย Juraย departmentย in theย Bourgogne-Franche-Comtรฉย regionย in easternย France.ย It lies on the riverย Bienne…The town was originally namedย Saint-Oyandย afterย Saint Eugendus. However, whenย St. Claudiusย had, in 690, resigned his Diocese ofย Besanรงonย and died in 696 as twelfth abbot, the number of pilgrims who visited his grave was so great that, since theย 13th century, the name “Saint-Claude” came more and more into use and has today superseded the other.ย It was the world capital of wooden smoking pipes crafted by hand from the mid 19th century to the mid 20th century. During WWII the town came under German occupation, yet still remained a haven for Jews escaping to Switzerland due to its proximity to it (about 8ย km away, as the crow flies). As a punishment to the locals for consistently assisting and harbouring the fleeing Jews, the Nazis executed all of the townโs males of service age in the town centre.”
Memorial Day 2025
Coyote Gulch’s Excellent European Adventure Day 2
Crossed the Rhone River and now we’re in Avignon, Vaucluse, France for the night in a cool hotel in the old part of the city. It looked like we were driving into a castle on the way here. I’ll know better tomorrow when it is light out. The hotel is very old school, including steep winding steps up two floors to the rooms ,with no parking, so the vehicle in on the street a couple of blocks away.
We spent some time this morning and into the afternoon in Barcelona checking out La Sagrada Famรญlia Cathedral, purchasing some souvenirs (I got an FC Barcelona hat), and dining on paella. As we approached Figueres Hellchild noticed a sign for the Salvador Dali Museum. While not on the official Coyote Gulch travel plan she insisted on stopping and a few hours later we were back on the road. What a fine experience.
“It’s so imspirational and hopeful knowing that someone can create so much beauty” — Hellchild
Coyote Gulch’s Excellent European Adventure
I’m in Barcelona about to head out on the road towards Central Europe.

Thawing the mysteries of ancient #climate changes — INSTAAR University of #Colorado #Boulder

Click the link to read the release on the University of Colorado website (Gabe Allen):
March 26, 2025
A new study from Chloe Brashear, Tyler Jones and others suggests abrupt warming events were preceded by periods of unusually stable temperatures during the last ice age. The researchers point toward shifting sea ice as a potential driver of the phenomenon.
On July 21, 2019, Chloe Brashear carried another disc of ice through the underground ice cave at the East Greenland Ice-Core project. The cave lay a few meters below the surface of the sprawling Greenland ice sheet, more than 200 miles inland from the coast. Brashear loaded the disc onto a hot aluminum plate and then stepped into the sampling room, where the melt water was pumped through an array of equipment that would filter it, vaporize it and produce a readout of its chemical contents.
Despite the sub-freezing temperatures in the cave, space heaters and an array of whirring instruments kept the sampling room hot. Brashear cast off her parka and got to work.
In most ways, it was a typical day of late-summer field work, but this day was also special. Brashear and her colleagues were analyzing samples extracted from deep within the ice sheetโmore than 2,000 meters below the surface. The scientists estimated that the ice was more than 40,000 years old. Later that night, they would celebrate over drinks and grub.

New Insights
Five years later, Brashearโnow a PhD candidate at Utrecht University in the Netherlandsโhas teamed up with her former mentor, INSTAAR fellow Tyler Jones, and others to publish new insights from their 2019 expedition. Their new study takes a fresh look at some of the most dramatic climate upheavals in Earthโs history: abrupt warming events that punctuated the last ice age, between 11,000 and 50,000 years ago.
The data revealed something unexpected. On average, the colder periods between warming events displayed variable temperaturesโit might be very cold one decade and much warmer the next. But, during the few hundred years before an abrupt warming event, this volatility flattened out. Each rapid warm-up was preceded by centuries of unusually stable temperatures.
โVariability would start to decrease first at decadal and multi-year scales,โ Jones said. โThen, a few hundred years later, on average, there would be an abrupt warming event.โ
It was as if the climate system was holding its breath before suddenly exhaling in a burst of warmth. But why?
The new paper proposes that shifting sea ice conditions in the North Atlantic may be the missing puzzle piece. If their hypothesis is correct, it could reshape our understanding of Earth’s climate systemโespecially in times of abrupt change.
Ice age heat
If the phrase “abrupt warming event” makes you think of modern climate change, you’re not wrong. But, the events that Brashear and Jones focused on in their latest paper, known as DansgaardโOeschger events, were actually much more intense. Researchers estimate that, in the most extreme version of their projections, temperatures in Greenland may have risen by as much as 29 degrees Fahrenheit in less than a decade.
โAs an analogy, imagine you live in Northern Maine when you start college, and by the time you finish college it feels like youโre living in Southern Arizona,โ Jones said.
Climatic variabilityโbasically the volatility of temperature fluctuationsโhas already been a focus of researchers hoping to understand the last glacial period. But, previous research lacked the precision needed to parse out the timing between changes in variability and these extreme warming events.

That changed when Jones and his colleagues, including INSTAAR faculty Bruce Vaughn, Valerie Morris and James White, developed a new methodology for analyzing ice cores: continuous flow analysis. Instead of chopping an ice core into chunks and analyzing each separately, continuous flow analysis melts the core tip to tail, extracting a near-unbroken record of past temperatures. This allows scientists to study changes in climate on a millimeter-by-millimeter scale. In the case of this project, continuous flow analysis allowed Brashear to interpret temperature data for distinct intervals of 7 to 15 years of ancient history.
โIf you continuously sample the ice core, you capture all this detail that you are losing with discrete sampling,โ she said.
This technique provided the new paperโs biggest insight: the stable temperatures that preceded each of the DansgaardโOeschger events. It also provided Brashear with a powerful dataset to compare to sea ice models.
The comparison once again produced an intriguing result. The changes in temperature variability were highly correlated with modeled changes in sea ice variability. In the new paper, Brashear provides a hypothesis: the leading edge of North Atlantic sea ice may have become more stable, which would have decreased its influence on short-term temperature fluctuations in Greenland.
If true, the finding could influence scientists seeking to refine models of Earthโs climate and gain insights into the modern era.
โThis result doesnโt directly apply to the modern changes weโre seeing, because they are unprecedented,โ Jones said. โBut, our hope is that we can shed light on the mechanisms that gave rise to this lead-lag relationship in variability and temperature, and then pass those results on to the modeling community.โ
The next chapter
The researchers are cautious to not overstate their results. After all, the sea ice hypothesis is just one of several possible explanations. More evidence is needed.
Some of that evidence may come soon. Jonesโ lab has secured funding to reanalyze an ice core extracted in the late 1980s and early 1990s from a site 200 miles south of the East Greenland Ice-Core Project. Using continuous flow analysis, they hope to confirm the patterns Brashear identified and gain further insight into these ancient climate shifts.
โWeโre hoping we can replicate the result and push further into modeling,โ he said.
The final chapter of Brashearโs research at INSTAAR is now over, but the experience of working in the remote scientific encampment atop the Greenland ice sheet remains vivid. She looks back with fondness on long days in the underground lab, neverending Arctic sun and nights spent celebrating new discoveries with international collaborators.
โItโs awesome to be able to look at a dataset and then have these memories associated with it,โ she said. โIt helps you stay motivatedโฆ Iโm still pursuing a career in science, so you could say it had a positive impact.โ
Canyons of the Ancients celebrates 25 years — The #Durango Herald
Click the link to read the article on The Durango Herald website (Mark Pearson). Here’s an excerpt:
May 14, 2025
This year marks the 25th anniversary of the establishment of Canyons of the Ancients National Monument. Encompassing 178,000 acres of public land west of Cortez, the Monument was created on June 9, 2000 by President Bill Clinton using the authority of the Antiquities Act. Canyons of the Ancients was the brainchild of Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt, who had great familiarity with the area owing to his Arizona roots. Canyons of the Ancients is widely renowned for what is often called the highest known density of archaeological sites in the United States, including more than 6,000 recorded sites and a total number of sites estimated as high as 30,000. As such, Canyons of the Ancients offers an unparalleled opportunity to observe, study and experience how cultures lived and adapted over time in the American Southwest.
As explorers and settlers colonized the western United States, the evidence of these ancestral cultures sparked enormous interest and curiosity. The famous western photographer, William Henry Jackson, recorded dramatic photographic images of prehistoric dwellings in the McElmo Valley in 1874. The General Land Office (the original precursor to the Bureau of Land Management) set aside Goodman Point in 1889 and made it off limits to homesteading for the protection of significant cultural resources. Eventually, in 1985, the BLM proposed protection for the larger landscape that today comprises Canyons of the Ancients, labeling it as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern. At the time, the BLM described the cultural resources as โindividually and collectively unique and nationally important, representing a successful and challenging adaptation to marginal environments that lasted for 800 years.โ A centuryโs worth of recognition and interest in preserving this cultural landscape set the stage for the presidential proclamation that established Canyons of the Ancients as a National Monument in 2000.
Going electric with Fred and Wilma — Allen Best (BigPivots.com) #ActOnClimate

Click the link to read the article on the Big Pivots website (Allen Best):
May 12, 2025
A Boulder County couple โ weโll call them Fred and Wilma โ decided to live their values and reduce the carbon footprint of their house. This is what they did.
This was originally published in the Boulder Weekly on April 16.
Fred and Wilma (not their real names) take climate change very seriously. For the last several years, they have been members of Citizensโ Climate Lobby, an organization that advocates for a tax on greenhouse gas emissions.
Yet like most of us, they were burning natural gas to heat the space and water in their 2,800-square-foot house near Niwot. Last year, they decided to live their values. They set out to go nearly all electric.
You, too, can be like Fred and Wilma. Hereโs how.
Step 1: Assess
Energy audits provide great value in guiding investment choices. They can be had for $190 after rebates.
Even more valuable are blow-door tests. Most effective in cold weather, they provide visual images of heat escaping a house. Many Boulder residents can expect to pay $60 to $150 for a conventional blow-door test. In other jurisdictions, these advanced tests typically run $200 to $450.
EnergySmart
For Boulder County residents, EnergySmart is an excellent place to start on this journey. Itโs a partnership of Boulder County, Boulder and Longmont with Xcel Energy and Platte River Power Authority.
Advisors can address everything from building insulation to solar panels to the needs of electric vehicles.
Efficiency Works (Longmont Power)
An Efficiency Works assessment will cost Longmont residents $60. While funds last, assessments are free of charge for rental properties in 2025.
Xcel Energy
The stateโs largest utility provider currently offers two options for audits:
- Home Energy Squad Plus Visit. The current cost is $100 (limited-time
discounted rate; the cost without the discount is $150)- Xcel Energy Audit scheduled with Xcel registered auditor. Costs will vary based on audit type; on average, around $400, but $200 rebates are available.

Go Electric Colorado coalesced in 2023 after Stuart Cummings, Julia Moravcsik and Nick Stevens met and realized how many people were interested in electric cars but remained fearful about ranges and reliability. They suspected the same was true about suppressing emissions in buildings.
Abundant information about home electrification can be found on the internet. But, as Moravcsik points out, โpeople kind of donโt know what they donโt know.โ
โEven in Boulder, where people know a lot about this kind of stuff, most people knew nothing or next to nothing about home electrification,โ she says.
Go Electric Coloradoโs volunteer counselors have now provided nearly 400 consultations, about half in Boulder County, with others ranging from the eastern plains to the desert valleys of the Western Slope.
Step 2: Getting started
Insulation: Fred, who recently retired after several decades as a home remodeler, knew insulation was the most important thing in reducing energy use, no matter the fuel source. He and Wilma hired Net Zero Insulation to boost the attic insulation to R-60, the gold standard. (The R-value is the capacity of an insulating material to resist heat flow. The higher the R-value, the greater the insulating power.)
It cost $3,200, and the impact was immediate. The house stayed warmer in winter, cooler in summer โ and lowered their utility bills.
Windows and doors: Many older houses have single-pane windows, which have an R-value of 1. Replacing them with double-pane windows can cost $10,000 to $20,000 depending upon the house size and number of windows. Some newer homes have triple-pane windows. Windows produced by Alpen High Performance at its Louisville factory can get up to R-11. They are also far more pricey.
The federal Energy Star program allows you to claim 30% of product cost up to a maximum of $600.
In the basement of their 1967 home, Fred installed six small double-paned windows at a cost of $2,000. Upgrading a single-paned patio door cost $3,200.
Go Electric Coloradoโs Paul Bousquet counsels caution before upgrading from double to triple-pane windows. He instead advises having an energy auditor use an infrared camera to find imperfections in seals around windows.
Heat pumps: Heat pumps can replace gas-burning furnaces. Using electricity, they milk the heat from outdoor air then feed it into the buildingโs interior. During summer, the reverse process can replace air conditioners and swamp coolers. Heat pumps can also use the same process to produce hot water in lieu of natural gas.
Metro Denver-Boulder has several companies that specialize in heat pump installation. Xcel Energy has a list of contractors registered with the company. So does Energy Smart. Go Electric Colorado endorses a handful of contractors; Bousquet advises getting at least three bids.
Fred and Wilma used Elephant Energy for the air-source heat pump to warm and cool their house and heat their 50-gallon water heater. The $22,000 cost (after rebates) included an electrical upgrade. The Flintstone house stayed comfortable in January even when the temperature dipped to 9 below. Fred strongly advises finding a company that knows all the rebates.
(For example, Superior has a host of rebates for projects that serve up to four residential units, everything from insulation to electric induction cookstoves).
Kitchen stoves: Going electric also means replacing the kitchen gas-burning stove with an electric model. Plus, studies have shown that gas fumes while cooking the tamales can be unhealthy to cooks and others.
Boulder County offers an induction cook-top lending program for people who are curious about switching to an electric range: rebuildingbetter.org/induction-resources.

Solar: Going all-electric in your house may not get you 100% clean of fossil fuels. You might achieve that by investing in solar and battery storage, a path that Go Electric Colorado can also help with.
Locally, Boulder-based Namaste Solar โ an employee-owned co-op โ offers free quotes. Federal tax incentives can cover up to 30% of the cost of solar panels and battery storage.
Fred and Wilma, however, decided against going with rooftop solar. Solar farms can generate electricity at scale, and roof-top solar is a long-term investment.
That has also been the advice of Go Electric Colorado. Nice, they say, but itโs not the first, second or even third priority.
Getting electricity from the utilities will include some fossil fuel. But that should diminish to near zero during the next 15 to 25 years.
Fred says that upgrading their house was a reflection of their resolve to be a part, if a small one, of the climate solution. โYou can tell how much people care by what they do,โ he says.
Mrs. Gulch’s landscape Mother’s Day 2025
Sister Rosetta Tharpe- “Didn’t It Rain?” Live 1964 (Reelin’ In The Years Archive)
Longread: On wolves, wildness, and hope in trying times: How Ol Big Foot’s story restored a shard of optimism — Jonathan P. Thompson (LandDesk.org)
Click the link to read the article on The Land Desk website (Jonathan P. Thompson):
April 30, 2025
๐ฆซ Wildlife Watch ๐ฆ
During the 1910s, a large gray wolf โ christened Olโ Big Foot by his human admirers and adversaries โ roamed from one end of what is now Bears Ears National Monument to the other, from the sinuous White Canyon to Clay Hills, from the ponderosa-studded glades of Elk Ridge to the gorge-etched Slickhorn Country to the Colorado River where it tumbles through Cataract Canyon.
Big Foot was one of the last remnants of the pre-settler colonial era, a vestige of a time when the landscape โ and the people who lived with it โ existed in a more harmonious and balanced way. Iโve been thinking alot about this wolf, and its counterparts in other parts of the region in the years prior to the speciesโ extirpation, amid the news that Mexican gray wolves are making their way north from southern New Mexico and Arizona, and gray wolves reintroduced in northern Colorado are moving southward. Though it ended tragically, Big Footโs story gives me an inkling of hope during hopeless times.
By the time Big Foot had established dominion over a big chunk of southeastern Utah, the Hole-in-the-Rock settlers had been in the region for a few decades, hunting the deer, elk, and bighorn sheep nearly to extinction, while livestock operators such as J.A. Scorup, the โMormon Cowboy,โ were also covering the vast swaths of un-roaded public domain with thousands of head of cattle and sheep. In other words, they were robbing the wolves, cougars, coyotes, foxes, bears, and lynx of their natural prey, and replacing it with another fatter and slower food source, with a predictable outcome.
Olโ Big Foot was rumored to be the most efficient livestock culler around, and was constantly trailed by a pack of coyotes looking to scavenge his many kills. The big canine allegedly took down 150 calves in one fell swoop โ although that figure is almost certainly exaggerated to provide further justification for slaughtering predators. Not that the invaders needed an excuse: Killing wildlife, especially charismatic megafauna, was part and parcel of the white settler colonial project, even in areas where livestock predation wasnโt an issue. The goal was not just to settle on the land, but to โsettle,โ or tame, the land itself; to rob the wilderness of its wildness.
Ranchers and their cowboy hands were no match for the predators so, as is often the case, the fiercely independent Western individualists pleaded for government aid. Federal and county agencies paid cash for evidence of predator kills. La Plata County, Coloradoโs โscalp recordsโ from the late 1800s record payouts for some 300 hawk heads (at 25 cents apiece), 200 bear pelts, two-dozen mountain lion hides, and a handful of wolf skins. The mercenary killing spree took a heartrending toll, but it wasnโt enough for the ranchers. So in 1915 the federal government tasked the U.S. Biological Survey with the extermination of every predator in the West, by whatever means necessary, including rifles, traps, and poisons. The resulting systematic slaughter was popularly dubbed โUncle Samโs War on Varmints,โ thusly described in a 1927 wire service story:

As twisted as it may be, the sentiment in the last phrase โ that killing wild predators was actually preserving wildlife and saving other animals from extinction โ was a commonly held belief. And the bizarre notion persists among many of those who oppose bringing the wolf back, saying they would compete with human hunters for wild game.

The death toll from the โwar,โ or attempted speciecide, is stunning. In 1924, for example, the government hunters reported killing 2,000 animals in Colorado, alone, including more than 1,700 coyotes, 153 bobcats, 50 lynx, 8 wolves, 6 mountain lions, 4 bears, and 2 wild dogs. The toll for wolves, cougars, and bears is relatively low because by that point, those speciesโ populations had plummeted. In 1919 the Biological Survey predicted the West would be wolf-free within five years, and estimated only 100 remained in Utah.
As the wolf populations declined hunters and newspaper reporters started focusing on individual animals, ascribing them with personalities and even christening them. The descriptions often read like those of human outlaws: a mix of fear, condemnation, and veneration.
โLobo, a great gray wolf who was the king of the pack at Currumpaw, a vast cattle range in New Mexico, was a thinker as well as a ruler,โ Ernest Thompson Seton told a newspaper reporter in 1905, after he had killed the wolf by using his dead mate as a decoy. Avintaquint, of the Vernal, Utah, area, was the โcrafty leader of one of the wiliest brand of pillagers of the cattle range that ever roamed the west.โ Two Toes feasted on lambs in the Laramie River region; another Big Foot led a pack in the Unaweep area of western Colorado; Big Lefty was known to be one of the largest and most cunning wolves in the Crested Butte area, even though he had lost a leg to a trap; and Big Tooth Ben loped about Valencia County, New Mexico.

Old Three-Toes was known not just for preying on livestock, but also for seducing domesticated ranch dogs, which she was forced to settle for since most of the males of her species had been slaughtered. She lived in southern Pueblo County in Colorado and, according to news accounts, would sidle up to a ranch house in the dark, โmaking her coming known by a peculiar howl. And when she left, the family dog often went with her. Several ranch dogs have paid the death penalty to trapper or hunter when found fraternizing with this vicious destroyer of ranch property.โ
In 1923, government hunters trapped some of Three Toesโ pups and lured the matriarch in for the kill. It was an especially deadly time for the other famous wolves, all of whom were captured and killed, to much fanfare, via cruel methods in the early and mid-twenties. Many were poisoned, one dragged a trap for miles before being shot, and at least one was captured alive and used as a decoy to lure others into traps or shooting range.
The Salt Lake Telegram ran a piece on Old Easyfoot, โthe celebrated wolf of eastern Kane county,โ noting that the huge animal โbattled six dogs into submission on Oct. 6, 1928, and gave up the fight only when he had been drilled through and through by the high powered rifles of the biological survey hunters.โ Easyfootโs stuffed carcass was later installed in the state capitol building.
Dr. A.K. Fisher, the Biological Surveyโs Director, predicted in 1926 that โwithin a year Colorado would be a sportsmanโs paradise because of the elimination of the wolf and the mountain lion.โ He said only six wolves remained in the entire state: one north of Eagle; one north of Fruita; two near Mancos; and two that ranged into Colorado from New Mexico. โCoyotes are our greatest trouble at this time,โ Fisher added. โBut the elimination of the wolf has given us more funds to concentrate on coyote work and progress is being made against them.โ

Fisher was a bit premature in his forecast โ Coloradoโs last wolf was killed in 1940, and they never got close to wiping out the coyote. Nor did he mention that even as the predator-killing campaign garnered success, the agency found itself putting more and more resources into exterminating prairie dogs, rats, squirrels, and rabbits. Go figure! But his assessment was correct: The wolf of the Western U.S. (outside of Alaska) was doomed, aside from a few specimens that traveled over the border from Canada or Mexico.
The war was not without its critics. In 1931, the American Society of Mammalogists called the biological survey โthe most destructive organized agency which ever threatened the native fauna of the United States.โ Not that it seemed to sway the agency from its mission, and by then it was too late for the wolf anyway.
In 1929, Arthur H. Carhart and Stanley P. Young wrote Last Stand of the Pack, a non-fiction account of the lives and deaths of the โlast nine renegade wolves.โ A passage from the Carhartโs introduction illustrates the sometimes contorted, sometimes conflicted, often bizarre attitudes towards wolves โ which he refers to as cruel โwilderness killers.โ
***
I grew up in southwestern Colorado in the 1970s and โ80s. Our family vacations were camping trips โ itโs what we could afford โ and I started backpacking with friends up Junction Creek when I was 12. I donโt remember ever seeing a bear, a mountain lion, or even a bobcat. We knew they were out there, sure, but even black bears were rare enough that we didnโt think about securing our food in camp. My friends and I often prowled around under the light of a full moon without a single worry that we might make a tasty mountain lion meal.
Not only were the grizzlies and wolves long gone by then, but I donโt think I would have believed that at one time they were so plentiful in the San Juan Mountains that members of the 1874 Hayden Survey came to see them as unavoidable pests, encountering grizzlies nearly everywhere they ventured, even on 13,000-foot peaks. I lived right next to, and often ventured into the Weminuche Wilderness, a vast and rugged and untrammeled region, and yet wildness of the kind that flourished in pre-settler-colonial times remained a myth to me, something that may have existed but that was ungraspable, even to my active and sometimes zany imagination.
The idea that wolves or grizzlies would ever return to the region? Inconceivable.
After all, the march of โcivilizationโ and โprogressโ is linear, the human population and the resources it consumes and the space it occupies and the impacts it has is a runaway train barreling toward inevitable collapse. The climate will continue to heat up, the skies will grow smoggier, the forests will burn, the mighty saguaro will topple, wilderness and solitude will become increasingly commodified, even the coyoteโs nocturnal yips will become a thing of the past. Or so it seems, especially in times like these, when greedโs toll becomes more and more apparent, when a huge bloc of the U.S. citizenry puts more value on the price at the pump than they do on the survival of the planet, when the people allow fear to override compassion and leaders cherish wealth and power over humanity and justice.
And yet. In my hometown of Durango, black bears roam freely and plentifully, purloining apples and pears and garbage. Herds of deer graze front lawns up in Tupperware Heights. Mountain lion sightings on the Test Tracks trails on the edge of town are frequent. Up in Silverton, moose-sightings are common, bighorn sheep lick the salt off the roads on Red Mountain Pass, and a lucky few catch a glimpse of Canada lynx. The wildlife, so rare in my youth, has returned, bringing a bit of wildness with it.
Nearly a century after Canis lupus was extirpated from the Southwest, there is a spark of hope, an inkling of possibility that the wolf will return to the Bears Ears country. In March, a Mexican gray wolf named Ella by local school children, was spotted north of Interstate 40 near Mount Taylor. It was killed by still undisclosed means, but it was an indication that the reintroduced wolf population in the southern part of the state is looking to broaden its horizons. And just last week, Colorado Parks & Wildlife published a map showing where radio-collared gray wolves, reintroduced in the northern part of the state, had roamed. One traveled some 1,200 miles, making it as far south as the Uncompahgre River watershed.
Some might argue that there is no longer a place in Colorado or southern Utah for the solitary wolf. There are too many people, too much development, far too many highways, too many public lands ranchers who refuse to learn non-lethal ways to deter predators, and too many right-wing politicians who despise the wolf and all it symbolizes. Maybe theyโre right. Government hunters with Wildlife Services continue the work of their Biological Survey predecessors: Last year, they killed 58,000 coyotes and 317 wolves nationwide, adding to the toll taken by private hunters (hunting wolves is legal in the Northern Rockies, where the population has somewhat recovered), cars, and other causes.
Still, for every human that yearns for the wolfโs demise, there are ten filled with awe and wonder for what the species, and its return, represents. As old Big Footโs story illustrates, the wolf is resilient. In the spring of 1920, a trap set by bounty hunter Roy Musselman out on Cedar Mesa a few miles east of Grand Gulch finally ensnared Big Foot, doing โwhat a dozen or more trappers are trying to do,โ according to an account by A.R. Lyman following Big Footโs death.
Lyman wrote that the twelve-year old, eight-foot long wolf had been tormenting ranchers for a decade at least, and had killed thousands of dollars worth of cattle. Big Foot foiled countless hunters and cowboys over the years, driving his bounty up to $1,000, and even Musselman had been on its trail for four years, catching seven other wolves during that time, including Big Footโs mate. He had a distinctive howl that could be distinguished five miles away, Lyman wrote, โand he has led many an interesting race with white men and Indians, always making safe his escape by his speed and his knowledge of the country.โ
His country is one of the few places in the U.S. that hasnโt changed all that much in the last 100 years. Another Big Foot would find plenty of landscape for roaming and many a nook and cranny for hiding out in. And now there are more deer and elk to eat (along with some slow-moving elk, if you know what I mean). Iโll leave you with Lymanโs words from April 1920:
Whatever happened to caring about future generations? Selling off public land and canceling #climate research are crimes against our descendants — Jennifer Sahn (High Country News)

Click the link to read the article on the High Country News website (Jennifer Sahn):
May 1, 2025
For several years I served on the board of a rural school district, and every year, when our draft budget was presented at our monthly public meeting, the audience would fill with people concerned about higher taxes. Seniors on fixed incomes spoke about the precarity of their budgets, while people of significantly greater means railed against โirresponsibleโ spending. As a board, we were trying to keep class sizes small enough for good learning outcomes and to avoid having to cut art and music and Spanish classes. I typically let the more senior board members handle the tough questions, but one year, as a young mom, I felt compelled to speak on behalf of the intergenerational social contract: the idea that when we were in school, we benefited from the investment of the generations before us, and it is therefore our moral obligation as adults today to invest in schools for the generations coming after us.
The intergenerational social contract is an old idea, far older than the U.S. government, Social Security and Medicare. It is not about entitlement. Itโs about intergenerational caretaking โ the recognition that there are no isolated moments of history, that we are obliged to pass on a world of hope and possibility to future generations. Indigenous communities have always understood this, which is why traditional ecological knowledge is increasingly being looked to for ways of managing the land for long-term health and sustainability. Itโs a line of thinking that respects, and assumes a responsibility to, future inhabitants of Earth.
The intergenerational social contract also applies to public lands. Land-management agencies in the U.S., including the Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior and the Forest Service, have a legal responsibility to manage lands and resources with the future in mind. The words โto the benefit of present and future generationsโ are all over the charters and laws governing these agencies. Current proposals to sell off public land are not only a blatant violation of the social contract, but a violation of the very idea of public land. Transferring a public good into private hands is a crime against future generations.
The reckless actions of the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), as charted by Jonathan Thompson in this issue, are another blatant assault on the public good, slashing budgets for public land and firing its caretakers. Cutting funds for cancer and climate research is an assault on present and future generations, as is defanging the Endangered Species Act and the National Environmental Policy Act. This activity should be considered un-American: enriching the wealthiest while stealing from the everyday Americans of today, tomorrow and as long as our republic shall stand.
This morning, state leaders gathered to launch #Coloradoโs Outdoors Strategy โก๏ธ Coloradoโs first ever collaborative vision for #conservation, outdoor recreation and #climate resilience — The Nature Conservancy in Colorado
Mrs. Gulch’s landscape April 30, 2025
The Creation of Night Owl Food Forest — #Colorado Farm & Food Alliance #GunnisonRiver

A heartwarming story about a love of place and mimicking natural processes to create new life on a small uplands farm outside Paonia, Colorado. Using agroforestry, hugelkultur, and careful observation this short film shows how one woman’s inspiration becomes the Night Owl Food Forest. Thanks to LOR Foundation for making this film possible.

Mrs. Gulch’s landscape April 18, 2025
President Trump puts Oak Flat copper mine on permitting fast track. Tribes, opponents vow to fight — AZCentral.com

Click the link to read the article on the AZCentral.com website (Debra Utacia Krol). Here’s an excerpt:
April 18, 2025
Key Points
- The Trump administration put Resolution Copper’s proposed mine at Oak Flat on a priority list with nine other mining projects, declaring they were vital to the nation’s security.
- A day earlier, the administration announced it would re-issue an environmental impact statement required to finish a land swap that would allow the mine’s construction.
- Tribes and environmentalists say Trump has clearly decided not to wait for court rulings on the project, putting the sacred site in greater jeopardy.
The Trump administration has now put the Oak Flat copper mine on the fast track for permit approval, a day after moving to push ahead with a land swap. A federal agency that oversees and supports permits for public lands projects addedย Resolution Copper‘s proposed mine east of Phoenix to a new priority list on April 18, along with nine other mining projects. It is part of the administration’s push to increase domestic production of critical minerals through anย executive order issued March 20. The list was posted in the wake of anย announcementย by the U.S. government on April 17 that it would reissue the final environmental impact statement, clearing the way to transfer ownership of Oak Flat, a site considered sacred to Apache and other Native peoples, to Resolution Copper no earlier than June 17…
A petition attempting to stop the land swap is awaiting action at the U.S. Supreme Court. It was filed by grassroots group Apache Stronghold as part of ongoing litigation to stop the mine from turning Oak Flat into a huge crater through its mining process. The Becketย Fund for Religious Liberty, which is representing Apache Stronghold,ย filed a letterย April 18 with the Supreme Court calling for the high court to move quickly to accept Apache Stronghold’s case…The latest order put Oak Flat and nine other mining projects โ including the McDermitt and Silver Peak lithium mines in Nevada; the Stibnite open-pit gold mine in Idaho; and the Lisbon Valley copper mine in Utah โ on a faster schedule.
Oak Flat is Sacred to Western Apache. President Trump’s Administration Intends to Approve a Plan to Destroy It — Wyatt Myskow (InsideClimateNews.org)
Click the link to read the article on the Inside Climate News website (Wyatt Myskow):
April 18, 2025
The fate of Arizonaโs proposed Resolution Copper mine rested with the federal courts, but the administration announced Thursday it would move to approve the project before their rulings.
The Trump administration on Wednesday signaled it intends to approve a land transfer that will allow a foreign company to mine a sacred Indigenous site in Arizona, where local tribes and environmentalists have fought the project for decades and before federal courts rule on lawsuits over the project.
Western Apache have gathered at Oak Flat, or Chiโchil Biลdagoteel in Apache, since time immemorial for sacred ceremonies that cannot be held anywhere else, as tribal beliefs are inextricably tied to the land. The tribe believes the landscape located outside present-day Superior, Arizona, is a direct corridor to the Creator, where Gaanโcalled spirit dancers in English, and akin to angelsโreside. The site allows the Western Apache to connect to their religion, history, culture and environment, tribal members told Inside Climate News.
But beneath the ground at the site of Oak Flat lies one of the worldโs largest untapped copper deposits. Resolution Copper, a subsidiary of two of the biggest mining companies in the world, Rio Tinto and BHP, has worked for decades to gain access to the location to utilize whatโs called โblock cave mining.โ
The method, used to access low-grade ore, requires undermining the surface of the land so it collapses under its own weight to reveal the copper. At some point, the proposed mine would create an open pit 1.8 miles wide and 1,000 feet deep, big enough to fit the Eiffel Tower and nearly as large as the local town, according to environmental review documents for the project.
Three lawsuits against the project are still working their way through the courts. Apache Stronghold v. United States, decided by a federal appeals court in favor of the mine, was appealed by plaintiffs more than a year ago to the Supreme Court, which has not yet decided whether to take it up. That case argues the destruction of Oak Flat violates the Apacheโs religious freedom, and is a threat to other religions.
The other two cases are awaiting the Supreme Court decision before they advance through the federal court system.
Environmentalists, local opponents and members of the San Carlos Apache Tribe lambasted the administrationโs decision to move forward without a ruling from the court.
โThe U.S. government is rushing to give away our spiritual home before the courts can even ruleโjust like itโs rushed to erase Native people for generations,โ Wendsler Nosie Sr. of Apache Stronghold, the religious group leading the fight against the mine, and former chairman of the San Carlos Apache Tribe, said in a statement. โThis is the same violent pattern we have seen for centuries. We urge the Supreme Court to protect our spiritual lifeblood and give our sacred site the same protection given to the holiest churches, mosques, and synagogues throughout this country.โ
The Trump administration did not respond to a request for comment.
Thursdayโs decision to move forward with the Resolution Copper mine is the latest in the Trump administrationโs efforts to boost the U.S. domestic mining industry as part of its โenergy dominanceโ agenda.
Already this year, President Donald Trump has signed an executive order to streamline the permitting of mines across the country and make mineral extraction the top use of public lands that hold needed minerals. All mining projects for copper, uranium, potash, gold and any critical mineral, element, compound or material identified by the chair of the new National Energy Dominance Council are included under the order. One public comment period regarding an exploration plan for a lithium mine was already drastically reduced, but a fierce pushback from the public prompted an extension.
Mine Will Bring โDevastation and Pollution,โ Opponents Say
The news about the mine came in legal filings for the three court cases and on the U.S. Forest Serviceโs website for the project, which states that it intends to publish the final environmental impact statement and a draft decision for the land transfer and mine within 60 days.
The filing said that if the Supreme Court declines to hear the religious freedom case, federal authorities will move forward with approval of the project. If the court hears the case and rules against the federal approval, the government will reevaluate how to proceed, it says.
โThe feds are barreling ahead to give Oak Flat to Resolution Copper, even as the Supreme Court considers whether to hear the case,โ Luke Goodrich, vice president and senior counsel at the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, which is representing Apache Stronghold in its case, said in a statement. โThis makes the stakes crystal clear: if the Court doesnโt act now, Oak Flat could be transferred and destroyed before justice can be served.โ
Minerals like copper are critical to everything from transmission lines to batteries for electric vehicles. And mines for such minerals can bring coveted jobs to rural regions. But they often destroy local lands and waters.
The federal governmentโs initial environmental impact statement for Resolution Copperโs mine concludes that the project will destroy sacred oak groves, sacred springs and burial sites, resulting in what โwould be an indescribable hardship to those peoples.โ It would also use as much water each year as the city of Tempe, home to Arizona State University and 185,000 people. It would pull water from the same tapped-out aquifer the Phoenix metro area relies on, where Arizona has prohibited any more extraction except for exempted uses like mines.
The proposed mine would also leave behind a 500-foot-tall pile of mine tailings filled with 1.5 billion tons of toxic waste that would have to be constantly maintained to prevent the contamination from spreading.
Though Superior town leaders have backed the mine, not every local is supportive of it. Henry Muรฑoz, a lifelong miner who worked at the townโs previous copper mine until it shut down and is now the chairman of the Concerned Citizens and Retired Miners Coalition, said the administrationโs decision is premature but that โmoney talks in Washington.โ

One of the National Mining Associationโs top priorities has been moving the stalled project forward.
โRio Tinto and BHP, they have billions and billions of dollars,โ Muรฑoz said. โThey couldnโt care less about the environment, about the health and safety of people. Money is the motivator.โIn a statement, Vicky Peacey, general manager at Resolution Copper, said the company was โencouraged to hearโ the Forest Service was proceeding with the project.
โThis world-class mining project has the potential to become one of the largest copper mines in America, adding up to $1 billion a year to Arizonaโs economy and creating thousands of local jobs in a region of rural Arizona where mining has played an important role for more than a century,โ she said. โA decade of feedback from local communities and Native American Tribes has shaped this project every step of the way, and we remain committed to maintaining an open dialogue to ensure the Resolution Copper project moves forward responsibly and sustainably as we transition into the next phase of the permitting process.โ
All of the projectโs impacts, Muรฑoz said, are out in the open, available for the public to read in the hundreds of pages of permitting documents. He likened Resolution Copperโs public messaging of the project to the Devil telling someone not to read the Bible, as it would change how they felt about him. In this case, he said, the public would realize the project is not in the best interest of Americans.
โTheyโre talking a 40-year mine life,โ Muรฑoz said, questioning what will happen to Superior after that time. โWeโre going to be like all the other former mining towns. Weโre going to have that big old toxic toilet on the hill. Weโre going to have that big waste dump, and then weโre going to end up wasting 250 billion gallons of water that was meant for the American taxpayer, for the benefit of two foreign mining companies. Thereโs nothing good for us in this project that I can see. Nothing but temporary jobs. But at the end, devastation and pollution.โ
A Decades-Long Fight
Since the 1950s, Oak Flat has been under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service and listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Legislators for years pushed to have the land made available for mining via a land transfer, where a company typically offers up environmentally important land it owns in exchange for lands better suited for extraction but unavailable for development.
Each attempt failed until 2014, when the late Arizona Sen. John McCain and former Arizona Sen. Jeff Flake attached a last-minute rider to that yearโs defense bill that required Oak Flat to be transferred to Resolution Copper. The transfer launched one of the countryโs most controversial and high-profile environmental fights, with the San Carlos Apache and environmentalists fighting to stop the transfer and save the sacred land.
The land Resolution Copper would exchange for Oak Flat includes an old-growth mesquite forest located in southern Arizonaโs San Pedro Valley, near the town of Mammoth. Although that 3,000-acre site is treasured by birders, critics of the transfer say the site is not enough to compensate for the loss of Oak Flat, which is also habitat for multiple species listed under the Endangered Species Act.


The two other lawsuits over the mine that will go through the court system after the Apache Stronghold case reaches its final resolution include one from the San Carlos Apache tribe itself that argues, under a treaty between the tribe and the U.S. government, the land still belongs to the Apache tribe.
The other lawsuit, filed by the Arizona Mining Reform Coalition, the Center for Biological Diversity, Earthworks, the Grand Canyon chapter of the Sierra Club and the Inter Tribal Association of Arizona, alleged the Forest Service failed to analyze and mitigate the proposed mineโs potential damage to the environment and failed to comply with multiple laws and regulations.
โOnce we destroy this,โ Muรฑoz asked of Oak Flat, โwhat do we have left?โ

Feds to move ahead on Oak Flat copper mine swap in #Arizona, despite pending Supreme Court case — AZCentral.com

Click the link to read the article on the AZCentral.com website (Debra Utacia Krol). Here’s an excerpt:
April 17, 2025
Key Points
- In a new court filing, the Trump administration says it will reissue an environmental impact statement that would allow the government to swap land with Resolution Copper at Oak Flat.
- The land swap was put on hold during the Biden administration and the case has been working its way through the courts. The Supreme Court is still deliberating whether to hear the case.
- Opponents say the court filing demonstrates that Trump doesn’t care about the land or the people who hold it sacred and only wants to hand Resolution Copper what it wants.
The Trump administration plans to reissue the final environmental impact statement for a long-delayed land swap that would hand over Oak Flat, a site considered sacred to Apache peoples and other Native peoples, to a copper mining company no earlier than June 17,ย according to a filing with the U.S. District Court of Arizona. The government issued the notice on April 17 even as the U.S. Supreme Court continues to deliberate over accepting a 4-year-old court case filed by grassroots group Apache Stronghold to prevent the 2,200-acre site from being obliterated by a copper mine. It’s the latest twist in a more than 20-year-old struggle over the fate of Oak Flat, between the Native communities who hold the site sacred and Resolution Copper, which wants access to one of the country’s remaining large copper deposits. For the leaders of the opposition, the court filing confirmed their worst fears.
โThe U.S. government is rushing to give away our spiritual home before the courts can even rule โ just like itโs rushed to erase Native people for generations,โ said Apache Stronghold leader Wendsler Nosie. โThis is the same violent pattern we have seen for centuries. We urge the Supreme Court to protect our spiritual lifeblood and give our sacred site the same protection given to the holiest churches, mosques, and synagogues throughout this country.โ
[…]
Oak Flat, or Chiโchil Biลdagoteel, “the place where the Emory oak grows,” is at the heart of a dispute over what should happen to the land. In December 2014, Congressย authorized the U.S. Forest Service to trade the 2,200-acre site, currently a campground about 60 miles east of Phoenix, for parcels of environmentally sensitive private land owned byย Resolution Copper, a subsidiary of British-Australian mining companiesย Rio Tintoย and BHP…To obtain the copper ore, Resolution would use a method known asย block cave mining, in which tunnels are drilled beneath the ore body, and then collapsed, leaving the ore to be moved to a crushing facility. Eventually, the groundย would subside, leaving behind a crater about 1,000 feet deep and nearly 2 miles across where Oak Flat and its religious and environmental significance stand.ย
New options for the #ClearCreek Trail near 52nd Avenue announced — Allen Cowgill (The #Denver North Star)

Click the link to read the article on the Colorado Community Media website (Allen Cowgill):
April 15, 2025
The city of Denver along with Jefferson County, The Mile High Flood District and the city of Wheat Ridge presented options for potential upgrades to the Clear Creek Trail during an open house in early April at Centennial Elementary School.
A section of the trail near Inspiration Point may get an upgrade for people that bike and walk. Currently, trail-users headed west must cross over West 52nd Avenue and then travel down about 1,100 feet of Gray Street, a residential street, before reaching the trail again.
The new plans unveiled at the open house offered five different options for new routes to avoid going down Gray Street, and all of them included under passes or bridges so trail users wonโt have to cross West 52nd Avenue at grade anymore.
All of the options presented include new bridges or underpasses and involve several different routes that meander between Marshall Street and West 53rd Avenue. All of the proposed routes are west of the residences on Gray Street and south of Interstate 76. A study of the trail is expected to be completed in the fall.
At the meeting, residents were given the option to rank the five options and pick their favorites and least favorites. To learn more and give input on the potential routes, people can visitย https://bit.ly/ClearCreekTrail. A current survey is open until April 18.ย [ed. emphasis mine]
Welcome to Bizarro World: President Trump embraces degrowth and anti-globalization; Messing with Maps; More — Jonathan P. Thompson (LandDesk.org)
Click the link to read the article on The Land Desk website (Jonathan P. Thompson):
April 8, 2025
๐คฏ Trump Ticker ๐ฑ
In November 1999, as the World Trade Organization convened in Seattle, some 50,000 protesters flooded the cityโs streets to push back against globalization and free trade, unfettered capitalism, corporate hegemony, and, well, Starbucks. It was dubbed the Battle of Seattle and is now considered the apex of the anti-globalization movement.
The protesters were a motley mix, from labor organizers to farmers to environmentalists, anarchists, and church leaders. They were opposed to the rising tide of free trade because, on the one hand, it encouraged U.S. corporations to offshore manufacturing, thereby harming U.S. workers, and it also was a form of economic imperialism that allowed the U.S. and other wealthy countries to exploit the workers and environment of developing countries. Outsourcing made things cheaper, feeding the beast of American consumerism, while allowing the U.S. to evade accountability by offshoring its pollution and collective carbon footprint. (Although they may not have been in Seattle, there was also a sort of mirror right-wing movement that also opposed globalism, but for different reasons and in different ways.)
The Battle for Seattle was followed by similar protests around the world. But globalization and all its benefits and ills continued, with the global economy becoming almost seamlessly integrated. The protests waned, Starbucks proliferated, and the movement faded and morphed into other forms. One of the offshoots, if you could call it that, was the degrowth movement โ based on the idea that capitalismโs need for expansion is wrecking the world, and only by squelching the constant craving for more can we save the planet and ourselves.
Both the anti-globalization and degrowth movements have seemed fairly hopeless, given that they are pushing against the established world order. But in the last few weeks, President Donald Trump has โ it seems โ handed both movements victories of sorts: He managed to short-circuit globalization and the U.S. economy in one fell swoop. I mean, he probably didnโt intend to do that, though Iโm not sure anyone really knows what heโs really trying to achieve, even him.
His chaotic tariffs have upended global trade and his administrationโs hostility towards non-citizens has hampered international travel. These policies, if you can call them that, have also injected uncertainty and fear into the markets, causing stocks around the globe to plummet. That, combined with mass federal employee firings, threats to detain and deport millions of workers, and freezing Inflation Reduction and Infrastructure Act funding for clean energy development, manufacturing, and research, will likely โde-growโ the U.S. economy in ways that only pandemics and global financial crises have done in the past. The turmoil has already brought oil prices below $60 per barrel for the first time since the days of COVID, which will almost certainly dampen the oil and gas drilling frenzy (in fact, the U.S. rig count is already dropping). That is, unless Trump goes to war with Iran, which will certainly shoot oil prices right back up again.
Itโs difficult to know what to think about all of this, except that it feels as if we are in Bizarro world. I mean, a Manhattan real estate developer with gold-plated toilets has seemingly adopted the anarchistsโ anti-globalization agenda and become the Degrowth president; Democrats and leftists are reflexively railing against old-school protectionism; Republicans are bashing free markets and free trade and driving the economy into the ditch while looking to push the federal budget deficit higher; the Chinese embassy is posting videos of Ronald Reagan condemning tariffs and praising free trade; and the president of the U.S. Oil & Gas Association is planning to buy an electric vehicle to protest against protesters. Whatโs next? Is Exxonโs CEO gonna start burning down gas stations?
A wise friend put it this way: โSpinozaโs wheel is out of true and the arrow is going backwards.โ Okay, I admit I donโt know Spinoza well enough to totally get that, but I know wheels, and this sounds right to me.
What will become of this chaos is anyoneโs guess. But Iโm going to bet that it doesnโt โmake America wealthy againโ or restore manufacturing to the U.S. anytime soon or stop the flow of Fentanyl across borders or anything else that Trump thinks it might do. Itโs more likely that the wobbly wheel will steer us all right off a cliff. There will be plenty of pain as people lose their jobs and their pensions lose their value. Nations that have rejiggered their economies to sate Americansโ hunger for fast-fashion, electronic devices, and cheap plastic items will descend into a financial slump. Coffee, bananas, avocados, chocolate, imported wine, and tequila will become more expensive.
The best we can hope for is that the economic slowdown and higher prices will stifle American consumerism and slow the environmental destruction it wreaks.
Trump’s trade war fallout — Jonathan P. Thompson: Read full story
Itโs tough to keep up with the Trump chaos. But a new initiative is making it somewhat easier to track the mayhem.
The Impact Project launched to provide โobjective, transparent, and open-source data to help explain how federal policies, funding, and workforce changes affect our communities.โ Their first tool is the Impact Map, which uses publicly available data, media reports, and first-person testimonials to better understand the impacts of federal layoffs or spending cuts. It also shows how many federal employees are in each county and how many of them are probationary, meaning they were targeted by DOGEโs first round of firings and are more vulnerable to future reductions in force.
***

Last month, Interior Secretary Doug Burgum announced his plan to build housing on federal lands, and officials said they were targeting 400,000 acres within 10 miles of towns of 5,000 people or more. Now the Center for Biological Diversity has created a map showing all of the land fitting that description, as well as which parcels are in conservation areas, critical habitat, or sage grouse management areas.
While it can be a bit alarming to see where they might want houses, keep in mind that this is still only a vague proposal and the lands on the map are simply the ones that would be eligible for development if the plan were to come to fruition.
Freedom Cities are back! — Jonathan P. Thompson: Read full story
***
๐ธ Parting Shot ๐๏ธ
Mrs. Gulch’s landscape April 6, 2025
Romancing the River: Learning to Live in the Anthropocene — George Sibley (SibleysRivers.com) #ActOnClimate
Click the link to read the article on the Sibley’s Rivers website (George Sibley):
Fiddling while Rome burns โ thatโs what it felt like, thinking about the next blog post on the intricate subtleties of learning to live with the Colorado River, while all around us things we value are being broken by a PINO and his self-appointed unelected shotgun, claiming that a 1.5 percent voter โmandateโ gives them license to do any damn thing they want to us and to the institutions we have evolved over 250 years to try to govern ourselves.
PINO: President in Name Only, not just because he is not behaving the way presidential behavior is constitutionally defined, but mostly because the PINO himself is not satisfied with โpresidentโ; he has publicly stated his belief that โkingโ would be a better name to call him, or whatever name would anoint him with the total authority he believes he warrants. Therefore, President in Name Only, until he can anoint himself with a name more fitting.
So anyway โ Rome is burning. Or to abandon the metaphor for a little more accuracy โ America is burning; the nation-state that we have evolved into a position of global leadership (even if we arenโt sure where we are leading to) is being broken up like old worn-out furniture and thrown on a burn-pile. America is burning, and for the most part most of us are just fiddling as it happens. Carrying on like it were just another day in our exceptionalist paradise because, well, what else are we going to do? When it comes down to it, the goal in the Preamble to the Constitution most of us most want is the one to โinsure domestic Tranquility,โ and who wants to take on a handful of narcissistic egomaniacs throwing that Constitution on the bonfire of their vanities? It is as the poet Yeats said: โThe best lack all conviction, while the worst / Are full of passionate intensity.โ
Most of the politicians who call themselves โDemocrats,โ and who might therefore be expected to try with similar vigor to stop this destruction of our imperfect but sincere effort at democracy, are lying low, saying let the โRepugnicanโ wing of those who call themselves โRepublicansโ dig themselves into a hole they eventually wonโt be able to get out of. The problem there is that the hole they are digging was the foundation of our democracy, and we are kind of in the hole with them. And as with Humpty Dumpty, all the presidentโs horses and all the presidentโs men may not be able to put Trumpty-Mumpsyโs debris of democracy back together again โ if we can even muster the will to try.
Our generally convictionless media have been snide about the Repugnicans in Congress being โcowedโ by the PINO, afraid to speak up. But I think the PINO is doing exactly what most of the Repugnican wing of the once-responsible Republican party want him to do, and would be doing themselves, were they not afraid of having to face their electorate about what it is doing to them. We had, and some of us even read, their โProject 2025โ plan for more than a year before the election, which lays out in considerable detail exactly what they planned to do if elected, and we elected them, and they are executing their plan with a passionate intensity.
The callous and casual cruelty of what the Repugnicans are doing under PINOโs flood-the-zone assault is astounding. They have summarily fired thousands of our fellow Americans for no reason other than the fact that they were working at jobs created by saner, more far-sighted and big-hearted Congresses back when we wanted our government to be a positive force in the nation and the world, as well as possessed of and by the biggest military hammer ever assembled to which every incipient conflict in the world looked like a nail. But in addition to that cruelty, the DOGEies have illegally frozen the funds already committed by Congress to fund those agencies and departments, which will cause considerable stress and even death in the nation and around the world.
The DOGEy chainsaw massacre seems to have focused on three areas. First, any agency or department that tries to help people who are not wealthy is on the sawbuck for cutting; this ranges from USAID which tries to help the truly poor of the world, to organizations like the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau that tries to prevent predatory organizations like banks and other more usurious organizations from taking advantage of U.S. citizens. The DOGEies have not yet set the chainsaw to Social Security and Medicare (although those remain long-term targets for the Repugnican element), but Medicaid will undoubtedly receive serious amputations soon if any semblance of the current Republican budget proposal gets passed. To fund tax cuts for the wealthy, even SNAP benefits will be cut โ one area where Trumpโs promise to reduce grocery costs could be actually be fulfilled, but, well, itโs the fraud, you know. And the Trump approach to ferreting out fraud in federal programs is to shoot first, then question the corpse.
The second area of DOGEy massacres is any federal entity charged with being a watchdog on the government itself. Federal inspectors general have been fired; the Department of Justice has been totally weaponized to support the PINO, including the office charged with investigating corruption in the government. This opens the gate for patronage at best โ already evidenced by PINOโs staff and his strange selections of thoroughly unqualified cabinet members.
And a third area for cutting/freezing/killing is anything remaining that might make people appreciate their federal government. Staffs for both the National Park Service and the Forest Service that manages the National Forests have been severely cut after decades of small cuts. It is as if the Repugnicans want people to have unpleasant experiences visiting our national treasures โ possibly preparatory for โprivatizingโ them or just selling them off; their protection from exploratory drilling and oil-and-gas leasing will probably be eroded. The Environmental Protection Agency, which also has considerable popular support for improvements in local waterways and other areas where both beauty and public health have been served, now has a new mission, according to its new director: to make using your car and heating your house cheaper. Drill, baby, drill.
Beyond the DOGEy chainsaw massacres on we the people, thereโs PINO actions on the international level, where he seems determined to alienate all of our longtime democratic friends, and court all of the growing number of autocratic or oligarchic nations. We laughed uneasily when he talked about โannexingโ Canada, Greenland, the Panama Canal; now we have stopped laughing because he wonโt stop talking about it.
Summing it all up โ the callous cruelty, the constant lying and false promises, the economic attacks on his own base, the insulting attacks on our longtime allies, the fawning behavior toward a longtime enemy, the midnight rages that he immortalizes on his โTruth Socialโ site, the childish conviction that if we officially purge all mention of the climate crisis from any public discourse the crisis will no longer exist โ all of these things make one wonder if we have not maybe elected a psychologically sick person to the presidency, a malignant narcissist slipping into dementia.
But then we remember that most of the substantive things he and his sidekick Elon are doing โ excepting the more โpersonalized things like the childish language excision and the mad rants โ is laid out in some detail in โProject 2025,โ authored by some of the people he has appointed to high places in governance.
The conspiracy theorist in my overactive brain sees the โProject 2025โ minions letting the PINO go until he has completely destroyed the existing government, then convening the cabinet to relieve him of his duties due to โillnessโ and putting the vice-president in his seat. That would give us J.D. Vance who, to my mind, is a much more dangerous person than the PINO, who gets lost too easily in his own self-admiration and paranoia.
But all that Iโve said there sounds to me like just more fiddling while America burns. What am I doing about it; what am I going to do about it? For the moment, continue reading the news, calling my senators, and occasionally my representative (a Repugnican who I think would rather be a Republican). But it drives me back to what I wrote when I started posting these reflections. The subtitle for this blog is โLearning to Live in the Anthropocene.โ That is the long game here: adapting mentally and psychologically, then economically and politically, to the fact that we have โ however inadvertently โ become change agents at the planetary level.
This is not a small thing; it requires a paradigm shift to end all paradigm shifts, in the way we see ourselves in the world, and that kind of shift obviously does not happen overnight. In an earlier post here, I described Elizabeth Kubler-Rossโs five stages in the acceptance of death โ but really the acceptance of anything that uproots our sense of who and what we are, and what we should do. Those five stages:
- Denial:ย ย This canโt be true; this canโt be happening here; if we ignore it, will it go away?
- Anger:ย ย This is notย myย fault; it is the fault of (Choose one or two: the immigrants, the Jews, the blacks, the whites, God, etc.).ย Get rid of them, and weโll get rid of the problem.
- Negotiation:ย ย Maybe we tweak a few things that will enable us to adapt without changing everything.
- Depression:ย ย Damn. Nothing works to change the fact that the facts have changed. Our old world is dying. I want to go to sleep forever.
- Acceptance:ย ย Well. Thereโs nothing to do but to make do with whatโs left โ and whatโs new where what was no longer is. Is something new possible? Lifeboat dialogue: โPull for the horizon, boys. Itโs better than nothing.โ
And where are we now? We are so deep in denial about the changes we have inadvertently imposed on the planet, that we have elected a president who promised to make denial official policy โ who has officially removed any mention of โclimate crisis,โ โrenewable energyโ and โgreen anythingโ from any government communication.
There is anger too โ the transition between denial and anger is a slow smoldering segue as denial is worn thin under abrasion from reality, and we begin to try to figure out who we can blame for the no-longer-ignorable reality. We get dangerous when we get angry.
And thatโs where we are. President Biden had actually begun to try to move us on to the negotiation stage โ how much of the world that we have and sort of love can we still have if we get more serious about a new infrastructure of energy and transportationโฆ. But now we are back in the murky world of threadbare denial and enough anger to declare open war on anyone we can convince ourselves is part of our problems.
R.I.P. Roberta Flack “Like the trembling heart of a captive bird”

Click the link to read the obituary on The New York Times website (Giovanni Russonello). Here’s an excerpt:
February 24, 2025
Roberta Flack, the magnetic singer and pianist whose intimate blend of soul, jazz and folk made her one of the most popular artists of the 1970s, died on Monday in Manhattan. She was 88…After spending almost 10 years as a Washington, D.C., schoolteacher and performing nights downtown, Ms. Flack zoomed to worldwide stardom in 1972, after her version ofย โThe First Time Ever I Saw Your Faceโย was featured in a Clint Eastwood film…The song had been released three years earlier, on her debut album for Atlantic Records, but came out as a single only after the film was released. Within weeks it was at No. 1 on the Billboard chart โ a perch she would reclaim two more times, with โKilling Me Softly With His Songโ (1973) and โFeel Like Makinโ Loveโ (1974).
Ms. Flackโs steady, powerful voice could convey tenderness, pride, conviction or longing, but hardly ever despair. Most of her best-known albums included at least a few funk and soul tracks, driven by a slapping backbeat and rich with observational social commentary. But her biggest hits were always something else: slow folk ballads (โThe First Timeโ) or mellifluous anthems (โKilling Me Softlyโ) or plush love songs (โFeel Like Makinโ Loveโ)…Critics often struggled to describe the understated strength of her voice, and the breadth ofย her stylistic range. In its poise, its interiority and conviction, its lack of sentimentality or overstatement, her singing seemed to press the reset button on any standard expectations of a pop star. She placed equal priority on passion and clear communication โ like an instructor speaking to an inquisitive student, or a lover pledging devotion.
Mrs. Gulch’s landscape March 15, 2025
Happy #PiDay
Urban Coyote sighting #Denver
Mrs. Gulch’s landscape February 14, 2025
West’s Sacred Cow part II: Indian Creek case study: Plus: Monarchs in trouble, Wacky weather, Living in f#$%ed up times — Jonathan P. Thompson (LandDesk.org)

Click the link to read the article on the LandDesk.org website (Jonathan P. Thompson):
February 7, 2025
๐ต Public Lands ๐ฒ
The News: Last week, administrative judge Dawn Perry halted the Bureau of Land Managementโs approval of The Nature Conservancyโs plan to build 13 reservoirs and erect five fences on the Indian Creek grazing allotment within Bears Ears National Monument. Perry ruled in favor of Western Watersheds Project, Jonathan B. Ratner, and Sage Steppe Wild, who had appealed the approval, and found that the agency had failed to adequately analyze impacts of the plan.
The Context: The Indian Creek allotment and the Dugout Ranch that runs cattle on it are integral to the Westโs ranching history, and a perfect example of how public land grazing is complicated as an environmental issue, and how a certain sentimentality shades societyโs โ and land management agencyโs โ views of it.
The ranch is probably one of the more spectacular chunks of private land in the West, covering 5,000 acres in the Indian Creek drainage adjacent to the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park and surrounded by towering Wingate sandstone cliffs and formations. It was first settled by white folks in the 1880s, although BLM records suggest the homestead wasnโt patented until 1915 by David Cooper.
Three years later Al Scorup โ known as the โMormon Cowboyโ โ and his brother Jim teamed up with Moabโs Somerville family to purchase the Indian Creek Cattle Company and the Dugout Ranch. They had a rough go of it: cattle prices crashed, the Spanish Flu killed Jim and his wife, and a hard winter killed 2,000 head of the companyโs cattle.
But the Mormon Cowboy held on and by 1927 had permits to graze 6,800 cattle on U.S. Forest Service land, more than any other permittee in the nation. In 1936, two years after the Taylor Grazing Act was passed, Scorupโs company recorded 4,000 or so cattle on federal Grazing Service (now BLM) land, including in Beef Basin, Dark Canyon, White Canyon, and Grand Gulch.
In 1965, a year after Congress designated Canyonlands as a national monument, Charlie Redd acquired the Scorup-Somerville Cattle Company, which included the Dugout Ranch and its associated grazing leases.1 Soon thereafter, Reddโs son Robert, along with his wife Heidi, took over the ranch. Heidi Redd, legendary in southeast Utah and beyond, sold the ranch to the Nature Conservancy in 1997, though she continued to operate the ranch until her son and daughter-in-law took over. In 2016, then President Barack Obama designated the Bears Ears National Monument, which included the entirety of the 272,000-acre Indian Creek allotment.
For some folks it might seem strange that an environmental group, The Nature Conservancy, is running cattle on a national monument โ especially in Utahโs high desert, where the land is especially fragile and cultural sites are plentiful. After all, green groups arenโt taking over oil and gas wells and trying to run them in a more environmentally-friendly way.
But this is part of the $9.9 billion nonprofit corporationโs method. Rather than taking land out of livestock production, TNC looks to work with folks in the โbeef supply chain to adopt a sustainability framework that keeps grasslands ecologically intact and economically productive, safeguarding the future ranching families and feeding a growing world.โ2 Meanwhile, by acquiring the Dugout Ranch, it saved it from being developed as a desert glamping resort or some billionaireโs hideaway โ triggering the โIโd rather see a cow than a condoโ meme โ and also established the Canyonlands Research Center there, which studies climate change and works to develop sustainable grazing practices.
Of course, many biologists and environmentalists would say that the only sustainable way to graze public lands is not to do it at all. In theory, TNC could have purchased the ranch, continued to run cattle (albeit far fewer) on private land, and bought out the public land grazing permits and retired them, as the Grand Canyon Trust did in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in the late 1990s.3
The Conservancyโs Dugout Ranchโs Indian Creek permit is for just over 8,500 animal unit months, meaning they can run about 1,000 cows on the allotment from early October to mid-June. While the allotment is vast, the sections in the Dark Canyon and Beef Basin areas are harder to access, so grazing is more intensive in the 56,000 acres of pastures surrounding the private ranch. In 2018, the ranch proposed constructing 13 reservoirs, one well, and five fences on those public land pastures in an effort to distribute the cattle more evenly across the parcel and take some pressure off existing water sources, such as Indian Creek and in Davis and Lavender Canyons. It also aimed to increase livestock productivity and โimprove grazing management in changing climate conditions.โ
Last year the BLM approved the project (minus the well), saying it would spread the cattle out and lessen their impacts, thereby protecting the recognized โobjectsโ of the national monument. The agencyโs review, and justification for the approval, emphasizes TNCโs intent to graze its cattle sustainably and its diligence in controlling its cattle, almost as if this is a reason to approve the project, regardless of impacts. However, BLM emails obtained by Ratner show that the agency scolded the ranch for allowing cows to graze off-season in the Dark Canyon and Beef Basin areas, resulting in springs being โheavily trampled,โ calling it a โlivestock trespass situation,โ and urging TNC to more diligently control their cows.
Western Watersheds, Sage Steppe Wild, and Ratner appealed the approval, arguing that the BLM had failed to take a hard look at potential impacts. โHow would bulldozing 13 reservoirs for the sole benefit of the private interests of a massive corporation protect, preserve and restore the Bearโs Ears landscape?โ Ratner wrote in his appeal. The foundational problem, he argued, is that the number of cattle exceed the pasturesโ carrying capacity, not uneven distribution of cattle, and implementing the project as a solution was equivalent to putting โa tiny band aid on multiple gunshot wounds.โ
The project might keep the cattle from concentrating in one area, but it would also broaden the area of impact to parts of the pasture that may have seen little grazing. The BLM predicted that the reservoirsโ construction would destroy valuable biocrusts and native vegetation, and that subsequent grazing would lay waste to everything within a 50- to 300-foot radius from each reservoir. But Western Watersheds pointed out that the BLMโs basis for this finding is shaky, and that most peer-reviewed research has found that grazingโs impacts extend for one to two miles from a water source.
Furthermore, the appellants argued, the BLM provides no evidence that building new water sources will reduce impacts on or lead to the restoration or healing of the existing water sources.
In a written statement, Laura Welp, of the Western Watersheds Project, pointed out that BLM signs and literature warn recreationists not to โbust the crust,โ yet in giving grazing a virtual blank check, the agency is ignoring the impacts a thousand half-ton bovines have on the fragile soil, native vegetation, and cultural resources.
The Department of Interiorโs administrative judge, largely agreed with the appellants, finding that the agencyโs environmental review included โbarely any rangeland health data specific to the pastures or locations where the new reservoirs and fences will be constructed.โ She put a stay on the approval and the project, which doesnโt necessarily kill the project, but does require the agency to redo its review.
โGiven that the only stated purpose in the EA for constructing thirteen reservoirs and five fences is to redistribute livestock, BLM had an obligation to analyze how optimized livestock distribution would impact rangeland health,โ Judge Perry wrote in her ruling. โWhen viewed together, the immediate and irreparable impacts associated with construction activities, concentrated use, and livestock redistribution support the imposition of a stay.โ
I guess sentimentality only goes so far.
The West’s Sacred Cow: https://www.landdesk.org/p/the-wests-sacred-cow — Jonathan P. Thompson
Buried within the Trump administrationโs โunleashing American energyโ executive order was a mandate for the Interior Department to โreview and, as appropriate, revise all withdrawn public lands, consistent with existing law, including 54 U.S.C. 320301 and 43 U.S.C. 1714.โ
It so happens that 54 U.S.C. 320301 is the Antiquities Act. So this means that all the national monuments created by presidents under the law โ and not later designated by Congress โ are in play. This could mean that Trump will try not only to shrink Bears Ears and Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, but could bring his illegal monument wrecking ball to places like Aztec Ruins, Hovenweep, Natural Bridges, and even Devils Tower national monuments.
Iโm thinking that it probably wonโt go that far. Trump is motivated by spite and revenge, and I doubt he has any bone to pick with olโ Warren G. Harding4, who established Hovenweep and Aztec Ruins national monuments in 1923, or Teddy Roosevelt, who established Devils Tower and Natural Bridges national monuments in 1906 and 1908, respectively.
But Iโm not so optimistic about the fate of Bears Ears, GSENM, and Baaj Nwaavjo Iโtah Kukveni-Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument. Still, itโs not worth freaking out about this yet, since we donโt know what Interior Secretary Doug Burgum might do on these things. Plus, any reduction of the monuments is very vulnerable to legal challenges, since they would be, well, illegal. Thereโs plenty of other outrageous things the administration โ and Elon Musk โ are actually doing now that are worth freaking out about.
Iโve been doing a lot of that lately โ freaking out, that is โ but also trying not to be overwhelmed by the firehose of absurdity, much of which is mere bluster aimed at distracting us from the real damage being inflicted or simply to aggravate the โlibs.โ
And damage is being done, from the attempted purge of federal employees (including a freeze on federal firefighter hiring); to canceling diversity, equity, and inclusion programs along with environmental justice initiatives; to the spending freeze on Infrastructure and Inflation Reduction act funds, which threatens to crush nonprofits and kill programs aimed at helping low- and moderate-income folks, small businesses, and farms install rooftop solar.
A lot of people are going to lose jobs, and the nation will be irreparably harmed if Muskโs rampage isnโt stopped soon. Meanwhile, eggs and energy wonโt be any cheaper. The only thing you can count on is that billionaires and corporations will pay less in taxes.
๐ฆซ Wildlife Watch ๐ฆ
I really hate to be the bearer of bad news, especially in these f#$%ed up times. But here it is: the annual Western Monarch Count reported a peak population of just 9,119 of the butterflies this winter, the second lowest overwintering population recorded since tracking began in 1997.
The populationโs size is extremely concerning,โ said Emma Pelton, an endangered species biologist with the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, in a written statement. โWe know small populations are especially vulnerable to environmental fluctuations, and we think thatโs what happened this year. The record high late summer temperatures and drought in the West likely contributed to the significant drop-off we saw in the third and fourth breeding generations.โ
The good news is that it could be an anomaly. The last three yearsโ counts recorded 200,000 butterflies. The monarch is being considered for protections under the Endangered Species Act, which might help. Of course, you know whoโs administration is the decider on that one, so โฆ
Vanishing Butterflies and Solar Scuffle: https://www.landdesk.org/p/vanishing-butterflies-and-solar-scuffle — Jonathan P. Thompson
โ๏ธ Wacky Weather Watchโก๏ธ
Itโs safe to say there is some serious weather whiplash going on all over the West. Southern California caught fire; now itโs getting deluged by atmospheric rivers. Southwest Colorado was slammed with snow in October and November; then suffered from an unusually dry December and January (I just received news that the Durango Nordic Center near the base of Purgatory Resort is shutting down until further notice due to lack of snow). This was the hottest January globally on record; but it was downright arctic in parts of Colorado (Durango had three successive nights of -10ยฐ F lows, daily records). And now the February thaw has set in, with record daily high temperatures being recorded from Grand Junction (71ยฐ), to Bluff (68ยฐ), to Albuquerque, to Denver (68ยฐ), to Phoenix (86ยฐ), to Las Vegas (80ยฐ), which hasnโt seen measurable precipitation for months.
Meanwhile, at Big Sky ski area in Montana, a sizable in-bounds avalanche broke loose during mitigation work (when the slopes were closed) and partially buried a lift terminal building.
๐ธ Parting Shot ๐๏ธ
Just some songs for your listening pleasure for these messed up timesโฆ
1 Grazing is generally banned in national parks, but in Canyonlands it was allowed to continue for 11 years after the parkโs establishment, or until 1975 in the original park boundaries and 1982 in expanded zones.
2 The first โWestโs Sacred Cowโ piece opened with the Joe Lott-Fish Creek allotment in southwestern Utah. The main permittee is a ranch owned by the Ensign Group, which is helmed by Chris Robinson, a Utah Nature Conservancy trustee and a board member of Western Resource Advocates.
3 This is a bit more complicated than it sounds. The problem is that federal law doesnโt allow normal BLM allotments to be permanently retired, and efforts to pass legislation opening the door to buyouts from willing sellers have run up against the livestock lobby, conservative lawmakers, and the romanticization of the ranching culture. However, when then-President Biden restored the boundaries of Bears Ears National Monument, he added a provision that permanently retires allotments within the monument if the current permit holders willingly relinquish or sell their permits.
4 Well, actually, Harding is considered by many to be the worst U.S. president ever, and his Interior Secretary,ย Albert Bacon Fall,ย was the only cabinet member to go to prison (for his role in the Teapot Dome scandal). So maybe Trump has a bit of a rivalry going with olโ Harding.
The West’s Sacred Cow: Public land grazing makes it through another administration unreformed — Jonathan P. Thompson (LandDesk.org)
Click the link to read the article on the LandDesk.org website (Jonathan P. Thompson):
January 31, 2025
๐ต Public Lands ๐ฒ

The Joe Lott-Fish Creek grazing allotment sprawls across nearly 78,000 acres of U.S. Forest Service land in western Utah. It contains a variety of ecosystems, ranging from arid juniper-piรฑon forests in the lower elevation sections that straddle I-70, to aspen and conifer glades, to 11,000-foot peaks, as well as several streams.
Until just over a decade ago, the primary grazing permittee was Missouri Flat LLC, which was allowed to run 744 cow-calf pairs on the land. Another rancher had a maximum herd of 40. The cattle were supported by 14 cattle ponds and troughs.
Sometime between 2013 and 2016, Missouri Flatโs permit was taken over by Pahvant Ensign Ranches. Over a period of about three years around the same time, the Fishlake National Forest upped the maximum number of cattle allowed to graze the allotment by 604, to a total of 1,388 cow-calf pairs, without notifying the public until 2021. The Forest Service said favorable conditions following the 2010 Twitchell Fire justified the increase, but they didnโt provide any scientific backing for the decision. Then, last April, the Forest Service approved a proposal to add 17 water troughs and 13 miles of new pipeline to the Pahvant Ensign allotment, granting the project a โcategorical exclusion,โ meaning it isnโt subjected to the usual environmental review.
โFunctionally,โ wrote Mary OโBrien, a botanist and longtime defender of public lands, ecosystems, and pollinators, โJoe Lott-Fish Creek Allotment is being transformed into a private ranch.โ
OโBrien brought the story of the Joe Lott allotment to my attention several months ago. She wanted to show me, in part, that while environmentalists tend to focus on the Bureau of Land Management when pushing back on public lands livestock grazing, they shouldnโt forget that grazing is also widespread on Forest Service lands. And that the Forest Service is no better at managing it than the BLM.
I also find it to be a sort of snapshot of how public lands grazing โ under any agency โ has come to be the Westโs untouchable sacred cow, something that neither Democrats nor Republicans dare to mess with or reform, no matter how obsolete the current regulations or how much harm is being done. Iโm not just talking about the Biden or Trump administrations, either: This bipartisan inaction has been going on since the Taylor Grazing Act was passed in 1934.
Data Dump: Cows, cows, cows… (Jonathan P. Thompson): https://www.landdesk.org/p/data-dump-cows-cows-cows
When the white colonial-settlers invaded the Western U.S. in the 19th century, they brought along oodles of cattle and sheep. In some places, the settlers were even preceded by the giant herds of big-time cattle companies and their minders. A good portion of southeastern Utah, for example, was once blanketed by grass that reached an elkโs belly. But then the huge livestock operations, including New Mexico and Kansas Land and Cattle Company and the Carlisle outfit, brought in tens of thousands of head of sheep and cattle beginning in the 1870s. Before long the Hole-in-the-Rock Mormon settlers also got into the livestock business, pasturing their cows and sheep on Elk Ridge near the Bears Ears buttes.
By the 1890s, as many as 100,000 sheep and cattle were chomping their way across San Juan County, reducing large swaths of the formerly abundant grasslands to denuded, dusty, gullied, flash-flood-prone wastelands. Plus, the sheepmen and the cattlemen were constantly fighting over who got access to what portion of range, a conflict that had disastrous outcomes. At one point, allegedly out of spite, the Carlisle livestock concern turned out thousands of sheep on the upper branches of Montezuma Creek, Monticelloโs source for drinking water. Bacteria from the sheep feces contaminated the water, leading to a typhoid outbreak in Monticello that killed eleven people.
This sort of free-for-all and its consequences was not unique to the region; it was being repeated all over the West. The destruction and chaos inspired the federal government to try to get a handle on things, and in 1891 Congress passed the Forest Reserve Act (which would later become the Forest Service), giving the president the authority to withdraw areas from the public domain where grazing and other activities would be regulated. In response to the typhoid outbreak, Monticello residents petitioned the feds to create a forest reserve in the La Sal and Abajo Mountains. This would become the Manti-La Sal National Forest.
That still left millions of acres in the virtually lawless public domain, where livestock operators continued to run cattle and sheep without restraint. Finally, in 1934 Congress passed the Taylor Grazing Act to โstop injury to the public grazing lands by preventing overgrazing and soil deterioration,โ to impose order, and to stabilize the livestock industry. A new agency, the Grazing Service (which was merged with the General Land Office to become the BLM in 1946), would manage a permitting and fee system on about 140 million acres of land, mostly sagebrush country, in the arid West. The lands were divided into grazing districts, each of which had an advisory board mostly made up of ranchers within that district, thus giving it an element of home rule and easing concerns that the federal landlord was taking too much control.
Nearly 12 million animals were permitted to graze on Taylor Act land across the West that year, yielding just $1 million in revenueโmeaning ranchers were paying, on average, just eight cents per year to fatten up each of their bovines or ungulates on taxpayer-owned grass. Seventy-five percent of the revenue went back to the states and grazing districts, where the advisory boards determined how it would be spent. Nearly all of the funds went to so-called range improvement projects, which ultimately benefitted the ranchers, such as killing predators and rodents and construction of stock trails and diversion dams.
Still, even though many ranchers were in denial regarding the true causes of the ruination of the rangeโthey attributed it to droughtโthey were generally ambivalent towards the act because it imposed order on the chaos that resulted from competing uses of the public domain. But the good feelings would soon vanish as the cattlemen felt threatened by proposals to designate new national monuments on public lands, including on a 4.5-million-acre swath roughly following the Colorado River in southern Utah. Back then, after all, grazing was generally prohibited in national monuments and parks.
And in the mid-1940s, when the Bureau of Land Management endeavored to raise grazing fees, the National Wool Growers Association and the American National Livestock Association gathered in Salt Lake City and launched a revolt with the backing of Western lawmakers. They demanded not only that grazing fees be capped, and national monument and park designations be halted, but also that all of the lands governed by the Taylor Act be transferred to the states or privatized. It was an early version of the Sagebrush Rebellion that is now being repeated by Utah and Wyoming. In a 1947 Harpers column, Bernard DeVoto reminded his readers, โCattlemen do not own the public range now; it belongs to you and me,โ adding that because federal grazing fees were so much lower than those for private land, they amounted to a subsidy.
The land-grab legislation that grew out of this revolt died. And grazing fees were raised, jumping from the original five cents per animal-unit-month1 for cattle to eight cents. The revolt did halt the giant Utah national monument, however, and the BLM continued to bow to the demands of the livestock industry.
It looked like things might change in the 1970s, however, when Congress passed the Federal Lands Policy Management Act, or FLPMA, which required the BLM to manage public land for multiple uses, including recreation and conservation. And in 1977, then President Jimmy Carter named Cecil Andrus as Interior Secretary. Andrus came into office with a bang, noting in a 1977 speech: โThe initials BLM no longer stand for Bureau of Livestock and Mining. The days when economic interests exercised control over decisions on the public domain are past. The publicโs lands will be managed in the interest ofย allย the people because they belong to all the people. For too long, much of the land where the deer and the antelope play has been managed primarily for livestock often to the detriment of wildlife.โ

And yet, public land grazing reform has been minimal, at best, in the ensuing five decades. The grazing fee, is only one small piece of the public lands grazing controversy, but itโs good proxy for the situation as a whole. In 1978, Congress established a formula for setting grazing fees, but also said they couldnโt drop below $1.35 per AUM (or $6.82 in 2024 dollars, if you were to adjust for inflation). While the fee climbed as high as $2.31 in 1981, it has remained at or near the minimum nearly every year since (in 2024 it was $1.35 once again). Nearly everyone agreed that the forage was worth far more than that, and the data made clear that fees would have to be substantially higher for the grazing program to pay for itself.
Cows, climate, and public land grazing: And more (Jonathan P. Thompson): https://www.landdesk.org/p/cows-climate-and-public-land-grazing
And yet, efforts to increase the fee and bring it in line with market rates have consistently flopped. The Clinton administration proposed upping the base charge to $3.96 per AUM (along with a host of other reforms). That sparked widespread outrage amongst ranchers and Western politicians, yet went nowhere. Obama wanted to tack an administrative charge on top of the regular fee. It never happened.
Early in its term, the Biden administration launched a review of and promised reforms to the public lands grazing program. For conservationists, this was an opportunity for the feds to re-implement environmental reviews before renewing lapsed grazing leases, to allow leases to be bought out and permanently retired, to use rangeland health to determine whether grazing can continue on a specific allotment, and to consider grazingโs impacts on climate change. While the administration made admirable moves to set aside public lands and regulate oil and gas drilling, it quietly smothered any effort to reform grazing.
Instead, the administration not only kept grazing fees at $1.35 during all four years, but it also included active grazing lands under its โ30 by 30โ program. And, in creating the management plans for Grand Staircase-Escalante and Bears Ears national monuments, it essentially leaves livestock grazing untouched. In fact, in the case of Bears Ears, the land may have had more protection from livestock before it became a monument. The same amount of land is available to grazing now, and the plan only makes vague prescriptions to manage grazing in a way that โensures consistency with protection of monument objects.โ Itโs a good goal, but is totally subjective, and leaves plenty up to overworked monument managers and rangeland conservationists. Thatโs in spite of the fact that numerous studies have found that unfettered grazing not only damages soil, native plants, riparian areas, and wildlife habitat, but also takes a big toll on cultural and archaeological resources. If a national monument plan is not going to close all sensitive areas to grazing, it should at least set tangible, science-based minimum land health standards.
This same sort of willful ignorance of grazingโs impacts is repeated across BLM-managed national monuments, including Canyon of the Ancients in southwestern Colorado.
Bears Ears final management plan drops as lawsuit drags on (Jonathan P. Thompson): https://www.landdesk.org/p/bears-ears-final-management-plan
So why do politicians of all stripes bend over for these public lands ranchers? I suppose it could be that Big Beef is throwing around its financial and political heft and buying off policymakers in Washington D.C. Maybe. But I suspect the multi-administration inaction has more to do with culture and myth โ the old Cowboy Myth, to be specific โ and their leeriness of being seen as harming it.
Thereโs a widespread perception โ which is partly accurate โ that the folks grazing their cattle on public lands are small-time family farmers who are carrying on a multi-generational tradition and livelihood and producing the nationโs food โ even though only about 2% of U.S. beef comes from public lands cows. Theyโre also sustaining a certain rural culture, i.e. cowboy culture.

Keeping federal grazing fees low, and regulations lax, is therefore a sort of social or cultural subsidy โ socialism, if you will. Itโs not meant to support the livestock industry, per se, or even food production. Rather, it supports a certain culture. A 1947 amendment to the Taylor Grazing Act appears to codify this concept, directing fees to be set partly according โto the extent to which such [grazing] districts yield public benefits over and above those accruing to the users of the forage resources for livestock purposes.โ If you try to raise the fees to match private or state fees, youโll make ranching too expensive for family ranchers, and make it an exclusive domain for the wealthy and corporations. If you look to make the program pay for itself, youโre monetizing public lands at the expense of rural culture and communities. Or so the argument goes.
For an Obama or Biden, who are already portrayed as coastal elites, to do anything that might be construed as damaging or stifling that culture or livelihood โ or devaluing those โpublic benefitsโ โ does not make for good optics. They instead have used their political capital to (hesitantly) push back against Big Oil, while trying to get folks to forget about grazing.
Iโm all for this type of socialism, especially when itโs supporting family farmers, and for pushing back against the notion that public lands programs have to pay for themselves2. I also support the idea of considering public benefits above and beyond the value of the forage or anything else on public lands. But if you do, you also have to consider the public costs of whatever that use is, whether itโs a new trail, an oil and gas well, or a grazing lease renewal. And grazingโs costs on the land and climate can be every bit as high as an oil well or a surge in recreational use.
The Joe Lott-Fish Creek story I opened this piece with also demonstrates that the beneficiaries of the public lands grazing socialism and subsidies arenโt always struggling families. The biggest leaseholder on that allotment, Pahvant Ensign Ranches, is owned by the Ensign Group, which is in turn owned by the Freed and Robinson families. The Ensign Group is a Utah-based investment firm, whose stated mission is to โbuild and manage a portfolio of primarily real estate-based businesses that are profitable, durable, environmentally sensitive, and of high reputation in their respective fields.โ
So, yes, we, the taxpayers, are subsidizing family farmers and ranchers. But our taxes are also helping out the Robinson-Freed families. They are the nationโs 33rd largest landholder, according to the Land Report, and own 350,000 acres in Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere, run more than 10,000 head of cattle, and hold grazing permits on more than 1 million acres of private and public lands.
1 The amount of forage required to feed a cow and her calf for one month.
2 If Elon Muskโs DOGE initiative is honest โ and Iโm not saying it is โ it will seemingly have no choice but to kill the public lands grazing program, since it spends far more money on rangeland improvements (for grazersโ sake) than it brings in from grazing fees.
U.S. Supreme Court kills #Utah land grab — Jonathan P. Thompson
Click the link to read the article on the Landdesk.org website (Jonathan P. Thompson):
January 14, 2025
The latest public-land grab attempt is dead โ at least for now. On Monday, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear Utahโs lawsuit attempting to seize control of 18.5 million acres of โunappropriatedโ federal lands in the state. This effectively ends Utahโs bid to take its case directly to the Supreme Court1, albeit not before it had spent over $1 million of the state taxpayerโs cash on legal expenses and a goofy PR campaign that included this bizarre ad aimed at inducing nostalgia for an era that never really was.
One might hope that this defeat at the hands of a conservative court would teach Utahโs elected officials to give up and be grateful for the abundance of public land in their state, which is actually the envy of folks everywhere. But alas, I kind of doubt theyโd be that wise, because, well โฆ Utah. So after licking their wounds, theyโre likely to come back with some other strategy for purloining public lands.
Perhaps theyโll follow the lead of the Wyoming legislature, which just introduced a resolution โdemanding that the United States Congress โฆ extinguish federal title in those public lands and subsurface resources in this state that derive from former federal territory.โ Which is to say that Wyoming is ordering the U.S. โ i.e. all Americans โ to surrender public lands within the state, with the exception of Yellowstone National Park, to the state, thus opening it up to be privatized.
Yes, the hard-right Freedom Caucus has taken control of the Wyoming legislature and, according to reporting by WyoFile, they plan to introduce โbold policies that probably have never had the opportunity to see the light of dayโ and that are based upon โgodly principles.โ
This would include public land grabs and repealing gun-free zones because, you know, Jesus was all about AR-15s. And it includes the โ I kid you not โ โMake Carbon Dioxide Great Againโ law that would bar the state from designating or treating carbon dioxide as a pollutant. It would also nix Gov. Mark Gordonโs efforts to establish the state as a leader in carbon capture and sequestration technology and actually would relinquish any primacy over carbon storage to the feds. Go figure.
And just in case Congress isnโt cowed by the threat of a Wyoming-lawmaker-led revolt, then Rep. Harriet Hageman will step in with her own federal legislation. While it doesnโt attempt to transfer public land, it is aimed at neutering the Bureau of Land Management by nullifying management plans that have been years in the making. Hageman recently introduced a bill that would block implementation of the Rock Springs and Buffalo field office resource management plans.
Stay tuned. Iโm sure we havenโt heard the last of these shenanigans.
โ๏ธ Mining Monitor โ๏ธ

For the past few years, Western Uranium & Vanadium, based in Canada and Nucla, Colorado, has been making a lot of noise about plans to bring its Sunday Mine Complex in the Uravan Mineral Belt into production. Itโs also proposing to establish a new uranium mill just outside Green River, Utah โ thereby furthering the industrialization of the melon-farming town. So far, however, the mine has not produced any ore, nor has the mill progressed beyond the โbaseline data collectionโ stage.
But that hasnโt stopped the company from keeping the hype going. Yesterday it announced it would begin data collection at the former Piรฑon Ridge uranium mill site in the Paradox Valley, which itโs now calling the Mustang Mineral Processing Facility.
You may recognize the Piรฑon Ridge name. Back in 2007, Energy Fuels โ the current owner of the White Mesa Uranium Mill โ purchased the site and proposed building a uranium mill there. At the time, George Glasier, who currently helms Western Uranium & Vanadium, was Energy Fuelโs CEO. A lot of locals were not so psyched about having a new radioactive site in their midst, and opposition to the proposed mill was fierce.
Aย twisted saga ensued, finally ending when the state revoked the millโs permit in 2018. In the interim, Glasier had stepped down from the helm of Energy Fuels, which had acquired the White Mesa Mill, started his own company, and purchased the Piรฑon Ridge project. Last year, Western U&V acquired the Piรฑon Ridge project from Glasierโs company. And now Glasier seems to think he can get a newly designed mill permitted (he has yet to apply for a permit). Or maybe heโs just fishing for more investorsโ dollars. In any case, the folks who led the resistance to the mill last time are ready to push back once again if necessary.
๐ Reading Room ๐ง
Here come those Santa Ana winds again โฆ
The National Weather Service has issued an extreme fire danger bulletin for a good chunk of the greater Los Angeles metro area, including a โparticularly dangerous situationโ alert, through tomorrow as the Santa Ana winds kick up again. This as the Palisades and Eaton fires continue to burn, having already taken 24 lives and an estimated 12,300 structures.
Itโs been stunning to watch the destruction from afar and heartbreaking to imagine the collective sense of loss rippling across the sprawling metropolis of 18 million. The immensity of it all, the rate at which the fires spread, and the way the Santa Anas send flaming embers into the air to spawn their own blazes miles away is horrifying. Equally baffling is the way the tragedy seems to have opened up a firehose of stupidity, finger-pointing, and grandstanding, issuing forth from the President-elect, Elon Musk, political pundits, and and even Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene, who asked: โWhy donโt they use geoengineering like cloud seeding to bring rain down on the wildfires in California? They know how to do it.โ2
I considered spending a bunch of words explaining how and why these folks are wrong. But even acknowledging their existence and repeating their inane lies makes me vomit a bit in my mouth, and trying to debunk even a fraction of the claims is to play a futile game of whack a mole, though thatโs not stopping Californiaโs government from trying. As an antidote, Iโve been reading some smart things about the fires, the Santa Ana winds, and Los Angeles, and I figured it would be nice to share some of them with you.
Start out with Joan Didionโsย essayย on the Santa Ana winds, in which she reminds us that this monthโs raging Santa Anas arenโt entirely unprecedented. A two-week long Thanksgiving-time Santa Ana event in 1957 included 100-mph gusts that toppled oil derricks, propelled heavy objects through the air (some of which killed people), and drove a blaze through the San Gabriels for well over a week.ย She writes:
Then check out the opening lines of Raymond Chandlerโsย Red Windย (and how can you stop reading after this!?):
And the late Mike Davisโs โThe Case for Letting Malibu Burnโ should be required reading in these times. And yes, itโs quite a bit more nuanced than the title might suggest. Davis gives a good history of post-colonial fires in the Malibu area and explains how in 1930 Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., called for turning 10,000 acres there into a public park (that could have burned in natural cycles, without destroying homes).
Alas, that didnโt happen. Instead, Malibu was developed, and fires roared through there in 1930, 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1938. The city had the opportunity to acquire 17,000 acres for just $1.1 million and turn it into a preserve in 1938 โ it passed up the chance. Housing came, instead, along with more destructive fires. He writes:
Each fire, then, was followed by reconstruction on a larger, more exclusive scale. Malibu went from being a ranching, rural area, to a bohemian enclave, to a high-end suburb. โTwo kinds of Californians will continue to live with fire:,โ Davis writes, โthose who can afford (with indirect public subsidies) to rebuild and those who canโt afford to live anywhere else.โ
Joshua Frank mentions Davisโs essay in a poignant piece for CounterPunch in which he asks folks to stop their victim-blaming and have a bit of compassion, even if they donโt like L.A.. He writes:
At hisย Public Lands Mediaย Substack, George Wuerthner talks about how these are really urban wildfires, not forest fires, and so the old mitigation and prevention techniques donโt necessarily apply.
He argues that prescribed burns and thinning wouldnโt have worked, because the fires started in the chaparral, which has a natural fire regime of about 30 to 100 years. Prescribed burns tend to eliminate native species that are then replaced by more flammable grasses.
In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, fire experts Jack Cohen and Stephen Pyne also talk about how these fires donโt fit into conventional notions of wildfire. In both the Palisades and Eaton fires, there were unburned trees sitting right next to homes that had been totally destroyed. Cohen:
Hereโs hoping for an ember-free day for Los Angeles.
1 This was corrected from saying it effectively ended their legal bid. As reader Slickrock Stranger pointed out, thatโs not necessarily the case. Utah could still take its case to the lower courts and keep losing until it ends up at the Supreme Court (which could again decline to hear the case, or something else). But SCOTUS did shoot down this particular strategy of going straight to the Supreme Court for a decision.
2 Oh, thatโs right, because โtheyโ modified the weather so that Hurricane Helene would wreck the southeast and keep all those Republicans from voting. Yeah. No. First off, Marge, while the theory behind cloudseeding is legit, there is scant evidence that it significantly increases precipitation. And, even so, it only works if there are already moisture-laden clouds present to seed. Thus the name. Now, maybe ifย Theyย sent a hurricane to L.A. blowing inland from the Pacific, it would cancel out the Santa Anas, which blow toward the ocean, and then weโd be fine. Alas,ย Theyย canโt control the weather.
R.I.P. Marianne Faithful: “Lovers of the past I’ll leave behind”

Click the link to read the obituary on The New York Times website (Guy Trebay). Here’s an excerpt:
February 2, 2025
She was a figure out of fiction, right down to her Jane Austen name. The daughter of a baroness and a British major (a spy during World War II), Marianne Faithfull โย who died this week at 78ย โ was discovered by the Rolling Stonesโ manager, Andrew Loog Oldham, at a record release party in the 1960s while still in her teens. โMy first move was to get a Rolling Stone as a boyfriend,โ she was often quoted as having said. โI slept with three and decided the lead singer was the best bet.โ The bet paid off for both parties. Mick Jagger and Ms. Faithfull dated from 1966-70 and during that time she recorded a series of pop songs, most memorably โAs Tears Go By.โ Mr. Jagger wrote imperishable Stones hits like โWild Horsesโ under the direct inspiration of Ms. Faithfull โ lovely, feckless, druggie and unfettered. She was โa wonderful friend,โ Mr. Jagger wrote on Instagram this week, โa beautiful singer and a great actress.โ She was also a style paragon from the outset…A British journalist once described Ms. Faithfull, in the late 1960s, as โthe flowing-haired, miniskirted, convention-knocking epitomeโ of a โdrug generationโ that her elders were challenged to understand. What more accurately she epitomized was a spirit of bohemian laissez-faire better located in class than any particular era.
#Colorado Water Congress Annual Convention #CWCAC2025
I’m at the Colorado Water Congress Annual Convention. The next 3 days should be a hoot!
Speaker Bios and Agenda: https://coloradowatercongress.growthzoneapp.com/ap/CloudFile/Download/pMmYw69p

R.I.P. Garth Hudson: “Now I’m coldly fading fast”
Click the link to read the obit on The New York Times website (Peter Applebome). Here’s an excerpt:
January 21, 2025
Garth Hudson, whose intricate swirls of Lowrey organ helped elevate the Band from rollicking juke-joint refugees into one of the most resonant and influential rock groups of the 1960s and โ70s, died on Tuesday in Woodstock, N.Y. He was 87 and the last surviving original member of the group…Mr. Hudson, Canadian-born, did far more than play the organ. A musical polymath whose work room at home included arcana like sheet music for century-old standards and hymns, he played almost anything โ saxophone, accordion, synthesizers, trumpet, French horn, violin โ in endless styles that could at various times be at home in a conservatory, a church, a carnival or a roadhouse.

He was the one who set up, installed and maintained the recording equipment in the pink ranch house in Saugerties, N.Y., where Bob Dylan and the Band recorded more than 100 songs that came to be known as the basement tapes…When the Band became a force on its own, he arranged the music on the groupโs albums and painstakingly tweaked and honed its recordings. He added brass, woodwinds and eclectic flourishes that accentuated the groupโs homespun authenticity, a quality that set it apart from the psychedelia and youthful posturing of the rock of its era.

Mr. Robertson, quoted in Barney Hoskynsโs 1993 book, โThe Band: Across the Great Divide,โ called him โfar and away the most advanced musician in rock โnโ roll.โ
โHe could just as easily have played with John Coltrane or the New York Symphony Orchestra as with us,โ Mr. Robertson said.
Harriet Crittenden LaMair to Step Down as CEO of High Line Canal Conservancy After More Than a Decade of Transformational Leadership

Click the link to read the release on the High Line Canal Conservancy website (Suzanna Fry Jones):
DENVER, CO โ January 23, 2025 โ The High Line Canal Conservancy announced today that Harriet Crittenden LaMair, the organizationโs founding CEO, will step down after 11 years of visionary leadership. Harriet will remain in her role until mid-2025 to ensure a seamless transition as the Conservancy begins its next chapter.
โThe preservation and protection of the High Line Canal have been my passion for the past 11 years,โ said LaMair. โIt has been an honor and joy to work with so many friends and partners to secure a vital future for the old Canal. Given the Canal safeguards that we have put in place, I am confident this is the right time to step away from leading the Conservancy. Together with Denver Water, local governments and private support, we have permanently protected the Canal under a conservation easement, improved community access and safety and established a strong stewardship endowment, forever ensuring improved care along all 71 miles,โ said LaMair.
LaMairโs impact is significant, having spearheaded the creation of the High Line Canal Conservancy in 2014, transforming it from a startup nonprofit into a trusted regional leader. Under LaMairโs leadership, the Conservancy has achieved historic milestones: securing over $33 million in private investment matched by public funds for more than $100 million in Canal improvements, establishing a Canal Collaborative that unites 14 jurisdictions, launching impactful community programs and protecting the Canal with a conservation easement.

โHarriet has been a trusted leader and champion for the Canal over the years and has set us up for success,โ said Arapahoe County Commissioner Carrie Warren-Gully. โWe would not be where we are today without her tenacity, vision and commitment to the long-term protection and stewardship of the Canal. She is leaving a lasting legacy and big shoes to fill โ and a collective awareness that we all have a responsibility to care for this regional treasure now and forever.โ
LaMairโs contributions have garnered regional and national acclaim, including the 2017 Jane Silverman Ries Award and the 2022 Denver Regional Council of Governments Metro Vision Award.
โHarrietโs leadership has been nothing short of transformative, shaping the High Line Canal Conservancy into a trusted and respected regional leader,โ said Alan Salazar, CEO of Denver Water. โHer unwavering passion for the natural world and her exceptional ability to bring people together have united communities and organizations around a shared vision for the Canalโs future. Denver Water is proud to have partnered with Harriet and the Conservancy in this remarkable journey, and her legacy will undoubtedly inspire continued stewardship and collaboration for generations to come.โ
Paula Herzmark, Chair of the High Line Canal Conservancy Board, credited LaMair with being the driving force behind the Conservancyโs success: โThrough her vision and determination, she not only built an organization but also inspired a regional movement that will benefit communities for generations. We owe her an incredible debt of gratitude for her leadership and passion for this remarkable resource.โ
As the Conservancy moves forward, it remains steadfast in its mission to preserve and enhance the 71-mile High Line Canal. Over the next three years, the organization will implement more than 30 improvement projects, expand community programs and advance natural resource management initiatives. Herzmark reiterated the Boardโs commitment to building on LaMairโs legacy, stating, โAs Harriet transitions from her role, we remain committed to carrying forward the legacy she created.โ
The Conservancyโs Board is actively preparing for this leadership transition and is committed to identifying a new CEO who will continue advancing the Conservancyโs mission and vision. More information about the job posting will be shared in the coming weeks. In the meantime, interested parties can contact employment@highlinecanal.org for inquiries.
About the High Line Canal Conservancy
The High Line Canal Conservancy is a nonprofit dedicated to preserving, protecting and enhancing the 71-mile High Line Canal. Since its founding in 2014, the Conservancy has led a regional effort to ensure the Canal remains a vibrant and enduring resource. Learn more atย HighLineCanal.org.

The Donald Trump Burr Trail? Oy! Plus: More Biden public lands action; uranium mine safety violations — Jonathan P. Thompson (LandDesk.org)

Click the link to read the article on the Land Desk website (Jonathan P. Thompson):
January 17, 2024
๐คฏ Crazytown Chronicle ๐คก
You really canโt make this stuff up: The Garfield County board of commissioners really wants to name a highway in their midst after President-elect Donald Trump. They will consider two options at their Jan. 27 meeting, with the first one being to change the โBurr Trail Scenic Backwayโ to the โDonald J. Trump Presidential Burr Trail Backway.โ
Oy frigging vey.
The Burr Trail, which runs from Boulder, Utah, through Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, the Waterpocket Fold, and Capitol Reef National Park, ending up just outside Ticaboo, started out as a livestock trail in the 1880s and is named after rancher John Atlantic Burr. It is now not only a spectacularly scenic drive, but also one of the most controversial roads in the West.
Portions of the trail became a road in 1948, when the Atomic Energy Commission bulldozed the switchbacks through the Waterpocket Fold to provide motorized access to uranium mining claims. According to a National Park Service history, the road was widely used by uranium miners throughout the โ50s and into the โ60s. In 1967 the federal government funded improvements to the route as part of a project to provide road access to the new Bullfrog Marina on Lake Powell (which started filling up in 1963)

Ever since, Garfield County has wanted to continue to improve the road and, ultimately, pave its entire 66 miles, thinking it would attract a more conventional, bigger-spending brand of tourists than the dirtbag backpackers that frequented the region in the 70s and 80s. The county was in tough shape economically, largely because market forces were crushing the uranium mining industry and small-scale ranching, and so it was looking to fill the void with tourism. In 1983, Wayne County Commissioner and paving advocate H. Dell LeFevre told the New York Times:
Environmental groups and the National Park Service, however, have pushed back, saying paving the gravel, washboarded route would encroach on federal lands and increase access โ and impacts โ to the backcountry. Conservationists launched lawsuits countering county claims that it owns the road and should control how itโs maintained.
The Burr Trail thus became yet another symbol in the long-running culture war over roads, federal land management, and an arcane federal mining law statute known as RS-2477.
In 1987, as an environmental lawsuit seeking to block blacktopping made its way through the courts, someone poured sugar into the fuel tanks of Garfield County bulldozers being used to work on the Trail, a la the Monkey Wrench Gang. A local uranium miner and founding member of what would become the Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance was charged with the crime but acquitted.
Shortly thereafter, a district judge ruled against the environmentalists and allowed the BLM to greenlight Garfield Countyโs bid to blacktop the section of road from Boulder to the western boundary of Capitol Reef National Park.
That didnโt end the battle, however. Garfield County has continued its crusade to pave the remainder of the route, and the Burr Trail has been featured in many a court case. In 1996, the National Park Service dragged the county to court after its crews bulldozed a hill to fix a blind corner. And in 2019, Trumpโs Bureau of Land Management permitted it to chip-seal a seven-mile section on the other side of Capitol Reef NP; the county carried out the work before environmentalists had a chance to challenge it. A judge ultimately let the asphalt remain.2
The Burr Trail, in other words, is almost as polarizing as a certain president-elect, which could be one reason a rural Utah county wants to rename the backroad after a Manhattan real estate baron and reality TV show host who has never set foot in that part of the world and sure as hell couldnโt tell a juniper from a piรฑon tree even if a giant coyote whacked him over his orange head with it.
But Garfield County Commissioner Leland Pollack says he wants to rename the route to show his appreciation for Trumpโs first-term policies, including shrinking Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, telling KSL: โThis is just a sign of appreciation. This guy right here was good to Garfield County and he was good to all of the Western public land counties.โ Sure, Leland.
The Grand Staircase-Escalante Partners opposes the renaming, even going so far as to refuse to utter the proposed new name in its press release. The statement notes:
๐ต Public Lands ๐ฒ
In its waning days, the Biden administration has been quite active on the public lands front. In a future post Iโll get into Bidenโs environmental legacy, but for now hereโs a quick rundown of some of the administrationโs latter-day moves:
- Bidenโs designation of the Chuckwalla National Monument in southern California adds another link to what is now being called the Moab to Mojave Conservation Corridor, a strip of protected lands that follows the Colorado River from southeastern Utah to the Mojave Desert. Prior to Chuckwalla, Biden bolstered the corridor by restoring Grand Staircase-Escalante and Bears Ears national monuments and by establishing the Baaj Nwaavjo Iโtah Kukveni and Avi Kwa Ame national monuments.
- The administration finalized the management plans for both Grand Staircase-Escalante and Bears Ears national monuments. Iโm not going to give a full rundown on the plans here, because they are so similar to the draft plans, which I detailed in earlier dispatches (GSENM & Bears Ears). There are a few modifications, however. Perhaps most significant is that a ban on recreational shooting throughout Bears Ears was scaled back to apply only to campgrounds, developed recreation sites, rock writing sites, and structural cultural sites. Meanwhile, both plans, especially Bears Ears, take an overly laissez faire approach to livestock grazing, perpetuating impacts on ecological and cultural resources.
- The federal Bureau of Land Management terminated Utahโs right of way for a proposed four-lane highway across the Red Cliffs Conservation Area outside St. George. The state and Washington County have been trying for years to build the road in order to โaccommodateโ the areaโs breakneck growth. In 2020, the Trump administration finally issued a right of way, but conservationists sued and forced the BLM to reconsider. In December, the agency sided with the conservationists, revoking the right of way and suggesting St. George expand the existing Red Hills Parkway rather than build a new road through desert tortoise habitat.
- The Interior Department launched the process of banning new mining claims and mineral leases on about 270,000 acres of federal land (plus an additional 40,000 acres of private land the feds hope to acquire) near Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in Nevada. Conservationists had been looking to get added protections on the area after lithium mining and geothermal energy companies began eyeing it.
***
Republican lawmakers have launched their latest bid to diminish a presidentโs power to protect landscapes and cultural resources. This week, Rep. Celeste Maloy, of Utah (and who happens to be Ammon Bundyโs cousin), and Rep. Mark Amodei, of Nevada, introduced the Ending Presidential Overreach on Public Lands Act, which would gut the 1906 Antiquities Act and end a presidentโs power to establish national monuments. I doubt this will make it very far, since national monuments and parks are pretty damned popular, and Grand Canyon, Zion, Arches, and many other national parks were first established as national monuments under the Antiquities Act.
***
On that note, the Senate held hearings on Trumpโs nominee for Interior Secretary, Doug Burgum. Burgum is the former governor of North Dakota, which, by the way, is not considered a public lands state. So itโs a bit bizarre that heโs even being considered for this position โ except he is big on fossil fuels and is clearly on board with Trumpโs โdrill, baby, drill-energy dominanceโ approach. In the clips I saw, Burgum displayed a lack of knowledge on the public lands he will probably soon oversee. For example, he talked about timber harvesting on public lands, when most public-land logging occurs on U.S. Forest Service land, which is overseen by the Agriculture Department, not Interior. Then he responded to a question about the aforementioned Antiquities Act, saying: โThe 1905 Antiquities Act โฆ itโs original intention was to protect โฆ antiquities โฆ areas like Indiana Jones type archaeological protections.โ Uhhhโฆ that would be the 1906 act, buddy. And what the hell are Indiana Jones type archaeological protections? Do we really want an Interior Secretary who gleans his knowledge from the movies? Oy.
โ๏ธMining Monitor โ๏ธ
Energy Fuels โ the owner of the White Mesa uranium mill and the Pinyon Plain mine โ is perhaps the most active of all the uranium companies making a lot of noise about exploration and reopening long-idled facilities. They are also the most vocal, telling reporters that current safety and environmental standards and regulations and enforcement are far better than during the Cold War era when the industry ravaged lives and the landscape.
As if to prove the point, the federal Mine Safety & Health Administration recently issued 16 citations to Energy Fuels and its contractors working on the companyโs La Sal Mines Complex in southeastern Utah. Violations related to radon concentration and radon monitoring requirements, worker training, personal protection equipment use, and explosive material storage.
Sarah Fields, of Uranium Watch, says sheโs โnever seen this many violations of this nature at an operating uranium mine from a single inspection.โ
One of the contractors, Three Steps Resources, is run by Kyle Kimmerle, holder of numerous mining claims throughout southern Utah and a party to Utahโs lawsuit seeking to revoke Bears Ears National Monument.
1 LeFevre would become an outspoken opponent of Bill Clintonโs 1996 designation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. Interestingly, many opponents of that and the Bears Ears designation worried that they would increase industrial-scale tourism.
2 Garfield County also wants to pave a portion, at least, of the Hole-in-the-Rock road, which also crosses a section of GSENM near Escalante. Conservationists are also pushing back.
Happy Martin Luther King day
EPA takes unprecedented step to remove uranium waste from the Navajo Nation: The decision opens the door for new ways to manage uranium pollution on tribal land — Natalia Mesa (High Country News)

Click the link to read the article on the High Country News website (Natalia Mesa):
January 17, 2025
As a child, herding her grandmotherโs sheep, Teracita Keyanna unknowingly wandered onto land contaminated with radioactive waste from three abandoned uranium mine and mill waste sites located near her home on the Navajo Nation.
Keyanna and other Dinรฉ citizens have been living with the consequences of uranium mining near the Red Water Pond Road community since the 1960s. But now, uranium waste rock that has sat for decades at a Superfund site will finally be moved to a landfill off tribal land.
โThis is a seismic shift in policy for Indigenous communities,โ said Eric Jantz, an attorney for the New Mexico Environmental Law Center.
On Jan. 5, in a first-of-its-kind move, the Environmental Protection Agency signed an action memo to transport 1 million cubic yards of low-grade radioactive waste from the Quivira Mining Co. Church Rock Mine to a disposal site at the Red Rock Regional Landfill. The Northwest New Mexico Regional Solid Waste Authority owns and operates the landfill, which is located about 6 miles east of Thoreau, New Mexico.
โI feel like our community has finally had a win,โ Keyanna said. She is a member of the Red Water Pond Road Community Association, a grassroots organization made up of Dinรฉ families that have been advocating for the waste removal for almost two decades. โItโll help the community heal.โ
Companies extracted an estimated 30 million tons of uranium ore on or near the Navajo Nation from 1944 to 1986, largely to fuel the federal governmentโs enormous nuclear arsenal. When the mines were abandoned in the 1980s, the toxic waste remained. Today, there are hundreds of abandoned mines in plain sight on the Navajo Nation, contaminating the water, air and soil. Altogether, there are an estimated 15,000 uranium mines across the West โ 1,200 of them on the Navajo Nation alone โ with the majority located in the Four Corners region.
The impact of all this mining on Dinรฉ communities has been devastating. A 2008 study found uranium contamination in 29 water sources across the Navajo Nation, while other studies show that people living near waste sites face a high risk of kidney failure and various cancers.
At Quivira, the cleanup is set to begin in early 2025 and will continue for six to eight years, according to an EPA news release. The permitting process, which will provide opportunity for public comment, will be overseen by the New Mexico authority that manages the proposed waste site and is responsible for its long-term safety monitoring.
The EPA had considered multiple options for waste remediation. But for years, Red Water Pond Road advocates and other local organizations continually pushed it to simply remove the waste, a course of action that the EPA has never taken before, even though the Navajo Nation has repeatedly called for the federal government to move all uranium waste from Dinรฉ tribal land.
Throughout the Navajo Nation, said Jantz, โprior to this decision, EPAโs primary choice in terms of remediation of mine was to bury the piles under some dirt and plant some grass seeds on top, called cap in place.โ But studies have shown that this approach is not effective at containing radioactive waste in the long term, he said.
The agency took a similar approach when addressing the other uranium waste in the Church Rock area. In 2013, the EPA and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which oversees uranium mine-waste cleanup, dumped 1 million cubic yards of waste from the Northeast Church Rock Mine โ a different waste site, roughly 3 miles from the Quivira Mine โ on top of existing tailings located half a mile from the Red Water Pond Road communities.
But the EPA plans to handle the Quivira Mineโs waste differently, placing it in geoengineered disposal cells with a groundwater leak protection system after it is moved off-site, an approach that Jantz called โstate-of-the-art.โ
The Quivira Mine cleanup is part of the 2014 Tronox settlement, which provided $5.15 billion to clean up contaminated sites across the United States. The settlement allocated $1 billion of those funds to clean up 50 uranium mines across the Navajo Nation.
There is a lot more to be done, said Susan Gordon, coordinator for the Multicultural Alliance for a Safe Environment, a grassroots organization led by uranium-impacted communities. Hundreds of abandoned mines pepper the Navajo Nation, and the EPA has not formulated a broader plan to clean up the majority of them. Funding is also an issue, she added.
What the EPAโs decision means for the future of uranium mine waste remediation is unclear. Under other circumstances, Jantz said that the decision would signal a sea change for the EPAโs policy of removing waste from the Navajo Nation. But the incoming Trump administration has not indicated its policy on hazardous waste disposal.
As Jantz put it, โAll bets are off.โ
How America courted increasingly destructive wildfires โ and what that means for protecting homesย today — The Conversation #ActOnClimate

Justin Angle, University of Montana
The fires burning in the Los Angeles area are a powerful example of why humans have learned to fear wildfire. Fires can level entire neighborhoods in an instant. They can destroy communities, torch pristine forests and choke even faraway cities with toxic smoke.
Over a century of fire suppression efforts have conditioned Americans to expect wildland firefighters to snuff out fires quickly, even as people build homes deeper into landscapes that regularly burn. But as the LA fires show, and as journalist Nick Mott and I explored in our book โThis Is Wildfire: How to Protect Your Home, Yourself, and Your Community in the Age of Heatโ and 2021 podcast โFireline,โ this expectation and our societyโs relationship with wildfire need to change.
Over time, extensive fire suppression, home construction in high fire-risk areas and climate change have set the stage for the increasingly destructive wildfires we see today.
The legacy of fire suppression
The way the U.S. deals with wildfires today dates back to around 1910, when the Great Burn torched about 3 million acres across Washington, Idaho, Montana and British Columbia. After watching the fireโs swift and unstoppable spread, the fledgling U.S. Forest Service developed a military-style apparatus built to eradicate wildfire.
The U.S. got really good at putting out fires. So good that citizens grew to accept fire suppression as something the government simply does.

Today, state, federal and private firefighters deploy across the country when fires break out, along with tankers, bulldozers, helicopters and planes. The Forest Service touts a record of snuffing out 98% of wildfires before they burn 100 acres (40 hectares).
One consequence in a place like Los Angeles is that when a wildfire enters an urban environment, the public expects it to be put out before it causes much damage. But the nationโs wildland firefighting systems arenโt designed for that.
Wildland firefighting tactics, such as digging lines to stop a fire from spreading and steering fires toward natural fuel breaks, donโt work in dense neighborhoods like Pacific Palisades. Aerial water and retardant drops canโt happen when high winds make it unsafe to fly. At the same time, the regionโs municipal firefighting forces and water systems werenโt designed for this sort of fire โ a conflagration engulfing entire neighborhoods quickly overwhelms the system.
Long ago, Southern Californiaโs scrub-forest ecosystems would periodically burn, limiting fuel for future fires. But aggressive fire suppression and inattention to urban overgrowth have left excessive, easy-to-ignite vegetation in many areas. Itโs unclear, however, whether prescribed burning could have prevented this catastrophe.
This is primarily a people problem. People have built more homes and cities in fire-prone areas and done so with little regard for wildfire resilience. And the greenhouse gases released by decades of burning fossil fuels to run power plants, industries and vehicles have caused global temperatures to rise, compounding the threat.

Climate change and wildfires
The relationship between climate and wildfire is fairly simple: Higher temperatures lead to more fire. Higher temperatures increase moisture evaporation, drying out plants and soil and making them more likely to burn. When hot, dry winds are blowing, a spark in an already dry area can quickly blow up into dangerous wildfire.
Given the rise in global temperatures that the world has already experienced, much of the western U.S. is actually in a fire deficit because of the practice of suppressing most fires. That means that, based on historical data, we should expect far more fire than weโre actually seeing.
Fortunately, there are things everyone can do to break this cycle.
What fire managers can do
First, everyone can accept that firefighters canโt and shouldnโt put out every low-risk wildfire.
Remote fires that pose little threat to communities and property can breathe life into ecosystems. Frequent, natural fires can also help avoid catastrophic fires that occur when too much underbrush has built up for fuel. And they create fuel breaks on the landscape that could halt the advance of future flames.

Fire managers have advanced mapping technology that can help them decide when and where forests can burn safely. Thoughtful prescribed burning โ meaning low-intensity fires intentionally set by professionals โ can offer many of the same benefits as the flames that historically burned in forests and grasslands.
The Forest Service is aiming to ramp up its prescribed burning on more acres in more areas across the country. However, the agency struggles to train adequate staff and pay for the projects, and environmental reviews sometimes cause yearslong delays. Other groups offer beacons of hope. Indigenous groups across the country, for example, are returning fire to the landscape.
Adapting homes to fire risk
More than one-third of U.S. homes are in whatโs known as the wildland-urban interface โ the zone where houses and other structures intermingle with flammable vegetation. This zone now includes many urban areas where wildfire risk was not considered when their cities were developed.
The biggest risk to homes comes from burning embers blowing on the wind and landing in weak spots that can set a house ablaze. Those embers can ride high winds for multiple miles to nestle in dry leaves or pine needles clogging a gutter, a wood-shingle roof, or shrubs, trees and other flammable vegetation close to a structure.

Some of these vulnerabilities are easy to fix. Cleaning a homeโs gutters or trimming back too-close vegetation requires little effort and tools already around the house.
Grant programs exist to help harden homes against wildfire. But enormous investment is needed to get the work done at the scale the fire risk requires. For example, nearly 1 million U.S. homes in wildfire-prone areas have highly combustible wooden roofs. Retrofitting those roofs will cost an estimated US$6 billion, but that investment could save lives and property and reduce wildfire management costs in the future.
Homeowners can look to resources such as Firewise USA to learn about the โhome ignition zone.โ It describes the types of vegetation and other flammable objects that become high risks at different distances from a structure and steps to make properties more fire resilient. https://www.youtube.com/embed/M9sel3wcBLg?wmode=transparent&start=0 The fire chief for Spokane, Wash., explains ways to protect your property from wildfires.
For example, homes should not have flammable plants, firewood, dried leaves or needles, or anything burnable, on or under decks and porches within 5 feet (1.5 meters) of the house. Between 5 and 30 feet (9 meters), grasses should be mowed short, and the tree canopy should be at least 10 feet (3 meters) from the structure.
The key takeaway is that homeowners must begin to view their homes as potential fuel for a wildfire.
Rebuilding right
A possible outcome of Californiaโs devastating fires is that states and communities could enact forward-looking wildfire resilience policies. These can include developing zoning rules and regulations that require developers to build with fire-resistant materials and designs. Or they might prohibit building in areas where the risk is too high.
Californiaโs move to fast-track reconstruction, if it isnโt planned with wildfire safety requirements, will just set up the state for more fire disasters. The International Wildland-Urban Interface Code, which provides guidance for safeguarding homes and communities from wildfire, has been adopted in jurisdictions in at least 24 states. California is not one of them.

Living in a world with wildfire
Prevention and suppression will always be critical pieces of wildfire strategy. Though promising new firefighting technologies are being developed, adapting to a fiery future means everyone has a role.
Educate yourself on how wildfire is managed in your area. Understand and address risks to your home and community. Help your neighbors. Advocate for better wildfire planning, policy and resources.
Living in a world where more wildfire is inevitable requires that everyone see themselves as part of solving the problem. It means we must accept that some fire is natural and essential and that some places we love might be too dangerous to protect.
This is an updated version of an article originally published Aug. 22, 2023.
Justin Angle, Professor of Marketing, University of Montana
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
















































































